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Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Center for Economic Studies'

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Standard Industrial Classification - 134

North American Industry Classification System - 132

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 130

Longitudinal Business Database - 123

Longitudinal Research Database - 122

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 121

Internal Revenue Service - 108

National Science Foundation - 108

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 105

Ordinary Least Squares - 95

Census of Manufactures - 87

Total Factor Productivity - 87

National Bureau of Economic Research - 79

Economic Census - 70

Employer Identification Numbers - 66

Current Population Survey - 62

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 61

Business Register - 59

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 58

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 58

Cobb-Douglas - 57

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 56

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 54

Research Data Center - 51

American Community Survey - 50

Social Security Administration - 49

Federal Reserve Bank - 46

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 46

County Business Patterns - 44

Decennial Census - 43

Census Bureau Business Register - 41

Special Sworn Status - 39

Service Annual Survey - 37

Disclosure Review Board - 36

Business Dynamics Statistics - 35

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 34

Characteristics of Business Owners - 34

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 34

University of Chicago - 32

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 31

Small Business Administration - 30

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 29

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 28

Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database - 27

Environmental Protection Agency - 27

Social Security - 26

Department of Commerce - 26

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 26

Office of Management and Budget - 25

Generalized Method of Moments - 25

University of Maryland - 25

Federal Reserve System - 24

Protected Identification Key - 24

Permanent Plant Number - 24

Social Security Number - 23

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 23

American Economic Review - 23

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 22

Harmonized System - 21

Postal Service - 21

Unemployment Insurance - 21

Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures - 21

2010 Census - 20

Cornell University - 20

Journal of Economic Literature - 20

Company Organization Survey - 18

Department of Homeland Security - 17

Department of Labor - 17

Kauffman Foundation - 17

Review of Economics and Statistics - 17

Core Based Statistical Area - 16

Department of Agriculture - 16

Wholesale Trade - 16

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 16

World Bank - 16

American Economic Association - 15

Board of Governors - 14

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 14

Master Address File - 14

Retail Trade - 14

University of Michigan - 14

Statistics Canada - 14

Securities and Exchange Commission - 13

Census of Retail Trade - 13

MIT Press - 13

Survey of Manufacturing Technology - 13

American Statistical Association - 13

New England County Metropolitan - 13

Customs and Border Protection - 12

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 12

World Trade Organization - 12

Department of Economics - 12

Energy Information Administration - 12

TFPQ - 12

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 12

Journal of Political Economy - 12

Boston Research Data Center - 12

WECD - 12

Fabricated Metal Products - 11

Accommodation and Food Services - 11

Business Employment Dynamics - 11

Survey of Industrial Research and Development - 11

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey - 11

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 11

National Income and Product Accounts - 11

National Center for Health Statistics - 11

Information and Communication Technology Survey - 11

Local Employment Dynamics - 11

Foreign Direct Investment - 11

Administrative Records - 11

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 11

International Trade Research Report - 11

PSID - 11

European Union - 10

Technical Services - 10

Survey of Business Owners - 10

National Establishment Time Series - 10

Harvard University - 10

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 10

UC Berkeley - 10

Individual Characteristics File - 10

Employment History File - 10

Employer Characteristics File - 10

American Housing Survey - 10

Cambridge University Press - 10

Columbia University - 10

Establishment Micro Properties - 10

PAOC - 10

United Nations - 9

COVID-19 - 9

NBER Summer Institute - 9

Boston College - 9

Current Employment Statistics - 9

Heckscher-Ohlin - 9

1940 Census - 9

Public Use Micro Sample - 9

Business Master File - 9

Center for Research in Security Prices - 9

Commodity Flow Survey - 8

Arts, Entertainment - 8

Management and Organizational Practices Survey - 8

National Employer Survey - 8

Integrated Longitudinal Business Database - 8

Federal Tax Information - 8

New York University - 8

Duke University - 8

Bureau of Labor - 8

Patent and Trademark Office - 8

IQR - 8

Composite Person Record - 8

United States Census Bureau - 8

Probability Density Function - 8

International Standard Industrial Classification - 8

North American Industry Classi - 8

Review of Economic Studies - 8

Journal of Economic Perspectives - 8

Sloan Foundation - 8

Geographic Information Systems - 8

Journal of Labor Economics - 8

Urban Institute - 8

LEHD Program - 8

Journal of International Economics - 8

New York Times - 8

Federal Trade Commission - 8

National Research Council - 8

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas - 8

Schools Under Registration Review - 8

Federal Register - 7

VAR - 7

Business Research and Development and Innovation Survey - 7

Business Services - 7

Princeton University - 7

Regional Economic Information System - 7

Census of Services - 7

Michigan Institute for Data Science - 7

Employer-Household Dynamics - 7

Office of Personnel Management - 7

TFPR - 7

Public Administration - 7

Council of Economic Advisers - 7

Russell Sage Foundation - 7

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 7

Securities Data Company - 7

Business Register Bridge - 7

BLS Handbook of Methods - 7

North American Free Trade Agreement - 7

Sample Edited Detail File - 7

COMPUSTAT - 7

Yale University - 7

Annual Business Survey - 6

Health Care and Social Assistance - 6

Housing and Urban Development - 6

Department of Housing and Urban Development - 6

Person Validation System - 6

Paycheck Protection Program - 6

Department of Energy - 6

Data Management System - 6

Economic Research Service - 6

W-2 - 6

University of Toronto - 6

State Energy Data System - 6

Standard Occupational Classification - 6

Successor Predecessor File - 6

Department of Health and Human Services - 6

Wal-Mart - 6

CDF - 6

Labor Productivity - 6

Initial Public Offering - 6

Kauffman Firm Survey - 6

National Institutes of Health - 6

University of California Los Angeles - 6

Census Bureau Business Dynamics Statistics - 6

National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 6

Computer Aided Design - 6

Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers - 5

Personally Identifiable Information - 5

Medicaid Services - 5

MAFID - 5

Census Numident - 5

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation - 5

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics - 5

IBM - 5

Insurance Information Institute - 5

Net Present Value - 5

Earned Income Tax Credit - 5

Harvard Business School - 5

Washington University - 5

Indian Health Service - 5

National Academy of Sciences - 5

Retirement History Survey - 5

Georgetown University - 5

Limited Liability Company - 5

National Institute on Aging - 5

National Opinion Research Center - 5

Occupational Employment Statistics - 5

D22 - 5

Herfindahl-Hirschman - 5

Journal of Econometrics - 5

Business R&D and Innovation Survey - 5

Auxiliary Establishment Survey - 5

Stanford University - 5

Census 2000 - 5

Census Industry Code - 5

Toxics Release Inventory - 5

Electronic Data Interchange - 5

Health and Retirement Study - 4

Educational Services - 4

Professional Services - 4

IZA - 4

Agriculture, Forestry - 4

Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs - 4

General Accounting Office - 4

Federal Insurance Contribution Act - 4

SSA Numident - 4

Penn State University - 4

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series - 4

Department of Education - 4

Supreme Court - 4

Business Formation Statistics - 4

Princeton University Press - 4

Department of Defense - 4

HHS - 4

Department of Justice - 4

Detailed Earnings Records - 4

Journal of Human Resources - 4

Computer Network Use Supplement - 4

Value Added - 4

International Trade Commission - 4

Nonemployer Statistics - 3

Centers for Medicare - 3

AKM - 3

E32 - 3

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - 3

Census Bureau Master Address File - 3

Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago - 3

University of Minnesota - 3

CAAA - 3

Person Identification Validation System - 3

Summary Earnings Records - 3

Social and Economic Supplement - 3

Carnegie Mellon University - 3

John Haltiwanger - 26

Ron Jarmin - 19

Lucia Foster - 16

Robert H Mcguckin - 14

Javier Miranda - 13

Sang V Nguyen - 13

Peter Schott - 12

Andrew Bernard - 12

Alicia Robb - 11

Stephen Redding - 11

Cheryl Grim - 11

Lars Vilhuber - 11

Randy Becker - 11

J. Bradford Jensen - 10

Alice Zawacki - 9

Henry Hyatt - 9

Ronald J Shadbegian - 9

Timothy Bates - 9

Martha Stinson - 8

John M. Abowd - 8

Wayne B Gray - 8

Steven J. Davis - 7

Zoltan Wolf - 7

Teresa C. Fort - 7

Kevin L. McKinney - 7

C.J. Krizan - 7

Emin Dinlersoz - 7

Catherine Armington - 7

Fariha Kamal - 6

T. Kirk White - 6

Zoltan J Acs - 6

Kenneth R Troske - 6

J. David Brown - 5

Peter J. Klenow - 5

Nathan Goldschlag - 5

Scott Ohlmacher - 5

Kristin McCue - 5

Shawn Klimek - 5

Mark J. Kutzbach - 5

Gordon M Phillips - 5

Robert Fairlie - 5

Mary L Streitwieser - 5

Judith Hellerstein - 5

David Neumark - 5

Catherine Buffington - 4

Melissa Chow - 4

Emek Basker - 4

Ariel J. Binder - 4

Ryan Monarch - 4

Christopher Goetz - 4

Erika McEntarfer - 4

Lawrence Warren - 4

Thomas Chemmanur - 4

Kristin Sandusky - 4

Timothy Dunne - 4

Thomas Kemeny - 4

Abigail Cooke - 4

Michael Ollinger - 4

Daniel Weinberg - 4

Julia I. Lane - 4

Alfred R Nucci - 4

Aaron Flaaen - 3

Todd Gardner - 3

Nicholas Bloom - 3

Jonathan Eggleston - 3

Gale Boyd - 3

G. Jacob Blackwood - 3

Andrew Foote - 3

Jay Stewart - 3

Matthew D. Shapiro - 3

Jose Asturias - 3

Matthew R. Graham - 3

Wei Ouyang - 3

James Tybout - 3

Chang-Tai Hsieh - 3

Moises Yi - 3

Hubert P. Janicki - 3

David L. Rigby - 3

James R. Spletzer - 3

Antoine Gervais - 3

Allan Collard-Wexler - 3

Vojislav Maksimovic - 3

B.K. Atrostic - 3

Julie Silva - 3

Daniel Wilson - 3

Adela Luque - 3

Michael Gort - 3

William J Carrington - 3

Douglas W Dwyer - 3

Suzanne Peck - 3

James D Adams - 3

production - 129

manufacturing - 120

econometric - 98

industrial - 93

market - 84

growth - 83

labor - 79

sector - 75

economist - 75

employ - 74

expenditure - 70

employed - 69

macroeconomic - 68

sale - 66

workforce - 65

enterprise - 64

recession - 61

produce - 60

estimating - 60

gdp - 54

survey - 53

export - 51

payroll - 50

company - 50

demand - 49

employee - 47

investment - 46

establishment - 45

revenue - 41

earnings - 41

manufacturer - 39

innovation - 38

aggregate - 37

entrepreneurship - 36

quarterly - 36

agency - 36

efficiency - 36

data - 35

endogeneity - 34

statistical - 33

estimation - 33

entrepreneur - 33

economically - 32

cost - 32

acquisition - 31

profit - 31

worker - 31

exporter - 30

report - 30

respondent - 30

technological - 30

import - 29

metropolitan - 28

productivity growth - 28

monopolistic - 27

proprietorship - 27

microdata - 27

entrepreneurial - 26

employment growth - 26

factory - 26

consumption - 26

productive - 26

merger - 26

organizational - 25

job - 25

regression - 25

venture - 24

population - 24

industry productivity - 24

multinational - 23

emission - 23

heterogeneity - 23

corporation - 22

data census - 22

census data - 22

occupation - 22

pollution - 22

spillover - 21

state - 21

finance - 21

technology - 21

profitability - 21

regulation - 21

regulatory - 21

environmental - 21

price - 20

wholesale - 20

datasets - 20

regional - 20

epa - 20

economic census - 20

depreciation - 20

workplace - 20

exporting - 19

census bureau - 19

hispanic - 19

immigrant - 19

incorporated - 19

financial - 19

product - 19

econometrician - 19

commodity - 18

salary - 18

analysis - 18

record - 18

ethnic - 18

city - 17

hiring - 17

longitudinal - 17

employment data - 17

impact - 17

tariff - 17

aggregation - 17

ethnicity - 17

area - 16

housing - 16

residential - 16

resident - 16

specialization - 16

inventory - 16

immigration - 16

minority - 16

geographically - 16

polluting - 16

capital - 16

trading - 15

importer - 15

agriculture - 15

neighborhood - 15

trend - 15

labor productivity - 15

productivity measures - 15

coverage - 15

employment statistics - 15

plant productivity - 15

statistician - 15

ownership - 15

residence - 14

country - 14

region - 14

employment dynamics - 14

patent - 14

estimates employment - 14

pricing - 14

competitor - 14

segregation - 14

accounting - 14

pollutant - 14

shipment - 13

urban - 13

disclosure - 13

endogenous - 13

competitiveness - 13

productivity dynamics - 13

labor statistics - 13

productivity dispersion - 13

takeover - 13

acquirer - 13

study - 13

international trade - 12

firms export - 12

exported - 12

rural - 12

proprietor - 12

migrant - 12

disparity - 12

monopolistically - 12

corporate - 12

employing - 12

supplier - 12

census employment - 12

custom - 12

database - 12

estimates productivity - 12

expense - 12

racial - 12

diversification - 12

environmental regulation - 12

imported - 11

census survey - 11

subsidy - 11

exogeneity - 11

financing - 11

longitudinal employer - 11

factor productivity - 11

subsidiary - 11

employment estimates - 11

federal - 11

growth productivity - 11

research - 11

innovator - 11

good - 11

aggregate productivity - 11

retail - 11

insurance - 11

quantity - 11

work census - 11

measures productivity - 11

foreign - 11

business data - 11

owner - 11

importing - 10

layoff - 10

sectoral - 10

producing - 10

incentive - 10

estimator - 10

healthcare - 10

discrimination - 10

earn - 10

employee data - 10

plants industry - 10

wages productivity - 10

agricultural - 10

stock - 10

productivity plants - 10

disadvantaged - 10

black - 10

pollution abatement - 10

investing - 10

shareholder - 10

plant - 10

efficient - 10

profitable - 10

urbanization - 9

geography - 9

geographic - 9

spending - 9

relocation - 9

migration - 9

poverty - 9

hire - 9

warehousing - 9

development - 9

invention - 9

patenting - 9

imputation - 9

fuel - 9

estimates production - 9

rent - 9

substitute - 9

average - 9

commerce - 9

industry growth - 9

unemployed - 9

analyst - 9

department - 9

refinery - 9

tax - 9

buyer - 9

managerial - 9

analysis productivity - 9

empirical - 9

firms census - 9

innovate - 9

white - 9

town - 8

mobility - 8

relocate - 8

medicaid - 8

irs - 8

productivity estimates - 8

externality - 8

advantage - 8

research census - 8

citizen - 8

use census - 8

unemployment rates - 8

productivity increases - 8

firms grow - 8

reallocation productivity - 8

retailer - 8

consumer - 8

native - 8

indicator - 8

turnover - 8

classified - 8

regulation productivity - 8

textile - 8

manager - 8

management - 8

information census - 8

census research - 8

researcher - 8

strategic - 8

employment wages - 8

race - 8

segregated - 8

heterogeneous - 8

regional economic - 8

statistical agencies - 8

regulated - 8

abatement expenditures - 8

costs pollution - 8

environmental expenditures - 8

polluting industries - 8

invest - 8

owned businesses - 8

sourcing - 7

suburb - 7

startup - 7

assessed - 7

wage growth - 7

prospect - 7

productivity shocks - 7

labor markets - 7

investor - 7

leverage - 7

outsourcing - 7

outsourced - 7

regress - 7

regressing - 7

insured - 7

health insurance - 7

enrollment - 7

socioeconomic - 7

earner - 7

inflation - 7

rate - 7

utilization - 7

industrial classification - 7

classification - 7

productivity differences - 7

globalization - 7

trade models - 7

franchising - 7

firm growth - 7

dispersion productivity - 7

productivity firms - 7

confidentiality - 7

tenure - 7

midwest - 7

manufacturing industries - 7

plants industries - 7

employment flows - 7

conglomerate - 7

job growth - 7

econometrically - 7

business owners - 7

exporters multinationals - 6

export market - 6

urbanized - 6

prevalence - 6

migrate - 6

wage regressions - 6

autoregressive - 6

industry heterogeneity - 6

shock - 6

security - 6

location - 6

productivity size - 6

welfare - 6

electricity - 6

energy - 6

larger firms - 6

economic growth - 6

immigrant workers - 6

refugee - 6

innovative - 6

prices products - 6

consolidated - 6

warehouse - 6

relocating - 6

medicare - 6

locality - 6

industries estimate - 6

employment count - 6

employer household - 6

classifying - 6

employment measures - 6

survey data - 6

industry variation - 6

retailing - 6

industry concentration - 6

reporting - 6

establishments data - 6

businesses census - 6

census use - 6

exporting firms - 6

firms size - 6

economic statistics - 6

surveys censuses - 6

privacy - 6

information - 6

wage variation - 6

equilibrium - 6

mexican - 6

restructuring - 6

wealth - 6

debt - 6

shift - 6

manufacturing plants - 6

manufacturing productivity - 6

characteristics businesses - 6

rates productivity - 6

suburbanization - 5

2010 census - 5

migrating - 5

firms employment - 5

growth employment - 5

bank - 5

restaurant - 5

multinational firms - 5

gain - 5

practices productivity - 5

unobserved - 5

policymakers - 5

capital productivity - 5

level productivity - 5

percentile - 5

woman - 5

educated - 5

firms productivity - 5

linked census - 5

oligopolistic - 5

valuation - 5

forecast - 5

matching - 5

workforce indicators - 5

firms trade - 5

firms plants - 5

filing - 5

farm - 5

firms exporting - 5

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budget - 5

business survival - 5

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tech - 5

clerical - 5

censuses surveys - 5

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wage differences - 5

model - 5

policy - 5

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business startups - 4

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sociology - 4

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firm dynamics - 4

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generation - 4

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union - 4

liquidation - 4

employment effects - 4

state employment - 4

estimates pollution - 4

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technology adoption - 4

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worker wages - 4

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census 2020 - 3

startups employees - 3

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firms young - 3

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renter - 3

identifier - 3

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public - 3

transition - 3

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export growth - 3

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patents firms - 3

utility - 3

regional industry - 3

publicly - 3

measure - 3

measures employment - 3

adoption - 3

unemployment insurance - 3

small businesses - 3

employment changes - 3

retirement - 3

productivity analysis - 3

computer - 3

franchised businesses - 3

plant investment - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 432


  • Working Paper

    An Anatomy of U.S. Establishments' Trade Linkages in Global Value Chains

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-44

    Global value chains (GVC) are a pervasive feature of modern production, but they are hard to measure. Using confidential microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau, we develop novel measures of the linkages between U.S. manufacturing establishments' imports and exports. We find that for every dollar of exports, imported inputs represent 13 cents in 2002 and 20 cents by 2017. Examining GVC trade flows in a gravity framework, we find that these flows are higher within 'round-trip' (input and output market is the same) linkages, regional trade agreements, and multinational firm boundaries. The strong complementarities between input and output markets are muted by the proportionality assumptions embedded in global input-output tables. Finally, with an off-the-shelf model, we show the round-trip results can be obtained when firm-specific sourcing and exporting fixed costs are linked.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Finding Suburbia in the Census

    June 2025

    Authors: Todd Gardner

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-40

    This study introduces a methodology that goes beyond the urban/rural dichotomy to classify areas into detailed settlement types: urban cores, suburbs, exurbs, outlying towns, and rural areas. Utilizing a database that provides housing unit estimates for census tracts as defined in 2010 for all decennial census years from 1940 to 2020, this research enables a longitudinal analysis of urban spatial expansion. By maintaining consistent geography across time, the methodology described in this paper emphasizes the era of development, as well as proximity to large urban centers. This broadly applicable methodology provides a framework for comparing the evolution of urban landscapes over a significant historical period, revealing trends in the transformation of territory from rural to urban, as well as associated suburbanization and exurban growth.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Tapping Business and Household Surveys to Sharpen Our View of Work from Home

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-36

    Timely business-level measures of work from home (WFH) are scarce for the U.S. economy. We review prior survey-based efforts to quantify the incidence and character of WFH and describe new questions that we developed and fielded for the Business Trends and Outlook Survey (BTOS). Drawing on more than 150,000 firm-level responses to the BTOS, we obtain four main findings. First, nearly a third of businesses have employees who work from home, with tremendous variation across sectors. The share of businesses with WFH employees is nearly ten times larger in the Information sector than in Accommodation and Food Services. Second, employees work from home about 1 day per week, on average, and businesses expect similar WFH levels in five years. Third, feasibility aside, businesses' largest concern with WFH relates to productivity. Seven percent of businesses find that onsite work is more productive, while two percent find that WFH is more productive. Fourth, there is a low level of tracking and monitoring of WFH activities, with 70% of firms reporting they do not track employee days in the office and 75% reporting they do not monitor employees when they work from home. These lessons serve as a starting point for enhancing WFH-related content in the American Community Survey and other household surveys.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Firm Heterogeneity, Misallocation, and Trade

    May 2025

    Authors: John Chung

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-33

    To what extent do domestic distortions influence the gains from trade? Using data from Chinese manufacturing surveys and U.S. census records, I document two novel stylized facts: (1) Larger producers in China exhibit lower revenue productivity, whereas larger producers in the U.S. exhibit higher revenue productivity. (2) Larger exporters in China exhibit lower export intensity, whereas larger exporters in the U.S. exhibit higher export intensity. A model of heterogeneous producers shows that only the U.S. patterns are consistent with an efficient allocation. To reconcile the observed patterns in China, I introduce producer- and destination-specific subsidies and estimate the model without imposing functional form assumptions on the joint distribution of productivity and subsidy rates. Accounting for distortions in China leads to substantially smaller estimated gains from trade.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Startup Dynamics: Transitioning from Nonemployer Firms to Employer Firms, Survival, and Job Creation

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-26

    Understanding the dynamics of startup businesses' growth, exit, and survival is crucial for fostering entrepreneurship. Among the nearly 30 million registered businesses in the United States, fewer than six million have employees beyond the business owners. This research addresses the gap in understanding which companies transition to employer businesses and the mechanisms behind this process. Job creation remains a critical concern for policymakers, researchers, and advocacy groups. This study aims to illuminate the transition from non-employer businesses to employer businesses and explore job creation by new startups. Leveraging newly available microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau, we seek to gain deeper insights into firm survival, job creation by startups, and the transition from non-employer to employer status.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Geographic Immobility in the United States: Assessing the Prevalence and Characteristics of Those Who Never Migrate Across State Lines Using Linked Federal Tax Microdata

    March 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-19

    This paper explores the prevalence and characteristics of those who never migrate at the state scale in the U.S. Studying people who never migrate requires regular and frequent observation of their residential location for a lifetime, or at least for many years. A novel U.S. population-sized longitudinal dataset that links individual level Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Social Security Administration (SSA) administrative records supplies this information annually, along with information on income and socio-demographic characteristics. We use these administrative microdata to follow a cohort aged between 15 and 50 in 2001 from 2001 to 2016, differentiating those who lived in the same state every year during this period (i.e., never made an interstate move) from those who lived in more than one state (i.e., made at least one interstate move). We find those who never made an interstate move comprised 75 percent of the total population of this age cohort. This percentage varies by year of age but never falls below 62 percent even for those who were teenagers or young adults in 2001. There are also variations in these percentages by sex, race, nativity, and income, with the latter having the largest effects. We also find substantial variation in these percentages across states. Our findings suggest a need for more research on geographically immobile populations in U.S.
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  • Working Paper

    The Design of Sampling Strata for the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey

    February 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-13

    The National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS), sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Economic Research Service (ERS) and Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), examines the food purchasing behavior of various subgroups of the U.S. population. These subgroups include participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), as well as households who are eligible for but don't participate in these programs. Participants in these social protection programs constitute small proportions of the U.S. population; obtaining an adequate number of such participants in a survey would be challenging absent stratified sampling to target SNAP and WIC participating households. This document describes how the U.S. Census Bureau (which is planning to conduct future versions of the FoodAPS survey on behalf of USDA) created sampling strata to flag the FoodAPS targeted subpopulations using machine learning applications in linked survey and administrative data. We describe the data, modeling techniques, and how well the sampling flags target low-income households and households receiving WIC and SNAP benefits. We additionally situate these efforts in the nascent literature on the use of big data and machine learning for the improvement of survey efficiency.
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  • Working Paper

    Applying Current Core Based Statistical Area Standards to Historical Census Data, 1940-2020

    January 2025

    Authors: Todd Gardner

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-10

    In the middle of the twentieth century, the Bureau of the Budget, in conjunction with the Census Bureau and other federal statistical agencies, introduced a widely used unit of statistical geography, the county-based Standard Metropolitan Area. Metropolitan definitions since then have been generally regarded as comparable, but methodological changes have resulted in comparability issues, particularly among the largest and most complex metro areas. With the 2000 census came an effort to simplify the rules for defining metro areas. This study attempts to gather all available historical geographic and commuting data to apply the current rules for defining metro areas to create comparable statistical geography covering the period from 1940 to 2020. The changes that accompanied the 2000 census also brought a new category, "Micropolitan Statistical Areas," which established a metro hierarchy. This research expands on this approach, using a more elaborate hierarchy based on the size of urban cores. The areas as delineated in this paper provide a consistent set of statistical geography that can be used in a wide variety of applications.
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  • Working Paper

    Workers' Job Prospects and Young Firm Dynamics

    January 2025

    Authors: Seula Kim

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-09

    This paper investigates how worker beliefs and job prospects impact the wages and growth of young firms, as well as the aggregate economy. Building a heterogeneous-firm directed search model where workers gradually learn about firm types, I find that learning generates endogenous wage differentials for young firms. High-performing young firms must pay higher wages than equally high-performing old firms, while low-performing young firms offer lower wages than equally low-performing old firms. Reduced uncertainty or labor market frictions lower the wage differentials, thereby enhancing young firm dynamics and aggregate productivity. The results are consistent with U.S. administrative employee-employer matched data.
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  • Working Paper

    Business Dynamics Statistics of Coastal Counties: A Description of Differences in Coastal Areas Over Time

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-08R

    The Business Dynamics Statistics of Coastal Counties (BDS-CC) is a new experimental data product extending the set of statistics published by the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) program to provide more detail on businesses operating in coastal regions of the United States. The BDS-CC provides annual measures of employment, the number of establishments and firms, job creation, job destruction, openings, and closings for businesses in Coastal Shoreline (CS), Coastal Non-Shoreline (CNS), and Non-Coastal (NC) counties. Counties are grouped into these categories based on definitions from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This product allows for comparisons across industries and coastal regions of the impact of natural disasters and other events that affect coastal areas. The BDS-CC series provides annual statistics for 1978 to 2022 for each of the coastal categories by firm size and firm age, initial firm size, establishment size and establishment age, initial establishment size, sector, 3-digit NAICS code, 4-digit NAICS code, urban/rural categories, and various coastal regions. Following a description of the data and methodology, we highlight some historical trends and analyses conducted using these data.
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