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Papers Containing Keywords(s): 'expenditure'

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Center for Economic Studies - 70

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 68

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 49

Census of Manufactures - 48

Total Factor Productivity - 46

North American Industry Classification System - 46

Ordinary Least Squares - 45

National Science Foundation - 44

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 42

Longitudinal Research Database - 41

Longitudinal Business Database - 39

Standard Industrial Classification - 38

National Bureau of Economic Research - 37

Cobb-Douglas - 30

Environmental Protection Agency - 29

Current Population Survey - 25

Internal Revenue Service - 25

Economic Census - 23

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 22

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 20

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 20

Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures - 19

Federal Reserve Bank - 18

American Community Survey - 18

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 18

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 17

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 16

Business Register - 15

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 15

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 15

Special Sworn Status - 14

Survey of Industrial Research and Development - 13

Disclosure Review Board - 13

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey - 13

Research Data Center - 12

PAOC - 12

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 11

Decennial Census - 11

Energy Information Administration - 11

National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 11

National Center for Health Statistics - 10

Federal Reserve System - 10

Generalized Method of Moments - 10

Social Security - 10

Journal of Economic Literature - 10

National Income and Product Accounts - 10

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 9

Census Bureau Business Register - 9

University of Chicago - 9

General Accounting Office - 9

Service Annual Survey - 9

Business Research and Development and Innovation Survey - 8

County Business Patterns - 8

Bureau of Labor - 8

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 8

Department of Labor - 8

Survey of Manufacturing Technology - 8

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 7

Social Security Administration - 7

Protected Identification Key - 7

Employer Identification Numbers - 7

TFPQ - 7

New York University - 7

Department of Economics - 7

Council of Economic Advisers - 7

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 7

National Academy of Sciences - 6

2010 Census - 6

Information and Communication Technology Survey - 6

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 6

Office of Management and Budget - 6

Fabricated Metal Products - 6

American Economic Review - 6

Boston Research Data Center - 6

Auxiliary Establishment Survey - 6

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New York Times - 5

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W-2 - 5

UC Berkeley - 5

Duke University - 5

State Energy Data System - 5

Establishment Micro Properties - 5

University of Maryland - 5

COMPUSTAT - 5

TFPR - 5

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 5

Urban Institute - 5

Review of Economics and Statistics - 5

Department of Agriculture - 5

Supreme Court - 5

American Economic Association - 5

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National Research Council - 5

Department of Commerce - 5

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 5

Business R&D and Innovation Survey - 4

Securities and Exchange Commission - 4

Department of Housing and Urban Development - 4

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 4

Business Services - 4

Small Business Administration - 4

Department of Homeland Security - 4

European Commission - 4

Kauffman Foundation - 4

Characteristics of Business Owners - 4

Social and Economic Supplement - 4

Cornell University - 4

Administrative Records - 4

Wholesale Trade - 4

E32 - 4

Federal Trade Commission - 4

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 4

Toxics Release Inventory - 4

Labor Productivity - 4

Computer Network Use Supplement - 4

Electronic Data Interchange - 4

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 3

Net Present Value - 3

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - 3

Washington University - 3

NBER Summer Institute - 3

Business Dynamics Statistics - 3

Person Validation System - 3

Social Science Research Institute - 3

International Trade Commission - 3

2SLS - 3

Boston College - 3

National Institutes of Health - 3

Occupational Employment Statistics - 3

European Union - 3

Adjusted Gross Income - 3

Journal of Labor Economics - 3

University of Michigan - 3

Department of Justice - 3

Medicaid Services - 3

Ohio State University - 3

Center for Research in Security Prices - 3

Department of Energy - 3

Business Master File - 3

Journal of Political Economy - 3

Yale University - 3

Harvard University - 3

New England County Metropolitan - 3

Statistics Canada - 3

Schools Under Registration Review - 3

American Statistical Association - 3

Columbia University - 3

production - 64

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investment - 48

demand - 48

manufacturing - 46

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market - 39

revenue - 37

efficiency - 37

produce - 36

cost - 33

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productivity growth - 26

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estimation - 26

productive - 25

emission - 25

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earnings - 23

epa - 23

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gdp - 22

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technology - 16

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pollution abatement - 16

industry productivity - 16

healthcare - 16

insurance - 15

productivity estimates - 14

spillover - 14

productivity measures - 14

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quarterly - 12

tax - 12

efficient - 12

investing - 12

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plant productivity - 12

abatement expenditures - 12

factor productivity - 11

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incentive - 11

financial - 11

invest - 11

costs pollution - 11

economic census - 11

coverage - 11

investment productivity - 10

welfare - 10

respondent - 10

medicaid - 10

aggregate - 10

policy - 10

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analysis productivity - 10

health insurance - 10

accounting - 10

environmental regulation - 10

socioeconomic - 9

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employed - 9

regulated - 9

energy - 9

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estimates productivity - 9

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endogenous - 8

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irs - 8

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productivity analysis - 7

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capital productivity - 6

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renewable - 6

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productivity dispersion - 6

econometrically - 6

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patent - 5

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energy efficiency - 5

utility - 5

study - 5

research - 5

pollution regulation - 5

commodity - 5

wages productivity - 5

taxation - 5

state - 5

regional - 5

enrollee - 5

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quantity - 5

dispersion productivity - 5

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product - 5

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tariff - 5

plants industry - 5

productivity impacts - 5

plant - 5

data census - 5

productivity shocks - 4

family - 4

corporation - 4

leverage - 4

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productivity size - 4

practices productivity - 4

metropolitan - 4

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funding - 4

education - 4

microdata - 4

aggregate productivity - 4

research census - 4

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regional economic - 4

utilization - 4

health - 4

economic statistics - 4

dependent - 4

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benefit - 4

imputation - 4

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regressing - 4

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use census - 4

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merger - 4

inventory - 4

wholesale - 4

equilibrium - 4

management - 4

retiree - 4

manufacturing plants - 4

productivity differences - 4

industry concentration - 4

specialization - 4

census years - 4

computer - 4

observed productivity - 4

prospect - 3

disparity - 3

maternal - 3

sectoral - 3

residential - 3

exogenous - 3

export - 3

larger firms - 3

firms size - 3

school - 3

labor statistics - 3

level productivity - 3

outsourcing - 3

innovative - 3

occupation - 3

externality - 3

industry heterogeneity - 3

region - 3

regress - 3

technical - 3

statistician - 3

average - 3

imputed - 3

surveys censuses - 3

subsidized - 3

incorporated - 3

fund - 3

investor - 3

firm innovation - 3

census business - 3

geographically - 3

policymakers - 3

estimates employment - 3

insurance employer - 3

manager - 3

estimates pollution - 3

recessionary - 3

concentration - 3

industry output - 3

competitor - 3

aging - 3

substitute - 3

performance - 3

strategic - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 170


  • Working Paper

    The Rising Returns to R&D: Ideas Are Not Getting Harder to Find

    May 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-29

    R&D investment has grown robustly, yet aggregate productivity growth has stagnated. Is this because 'ideas are getting harder to find'? This paper uses micro-data from the US Census Bureau to explore the relationship between R&D and productivity in the manufacturing sector from 1976 to 2018. We find that both the elasticity of output (TFP) with respect to R&D and the marginal returns to R&D have risen sharply. Exploring factors affecting returns, we conclude that R&D obsolescence rates must have risen. Using a novel estimation approach, we find consistent evidence of sharply rising technological rivalry. These findings suggest that R&D has become more effective at finding productivity-enhancing ideas but these ideas may also render rivals' technologies obsolete, making innovations more transient.
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  • Working Paper

    The Impact of Childcare Costs on Mothers' Labor Force Participation

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-25

    The rising costs of childcare pose challenges for families, leading to difficult choices including those impacting mothers' labor force participation. This paper investigates the relationship between childcare costs and maternal employment. Using data from the National Database of Childcare Prices, the American Community Survey, and the Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics, we estimate the impact of childcare costs on mothers' labor force participation through two empirical strategies. A fixed-effects approach controls for geographic and temporal heterogeneity in costs as well as mothers' idiosyncratic preferences for work and childcare, while an instrumental variables approach addresses the endogeneity of mothers' preferences for work and childcare by leveraging exogenous geographic and temporal variation in childcare licensing requirements. Our findings across both research designs indicate that higher childcare costs reduce labor force participation among mothers, with lower-income mothers exhibiting greater responsiveness to changes in childcare costs.
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  • Working Paper

    Corporate Share Repurchase Policies and Labor Share

    February 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-14

    Using census data, we investigate whether share repurchases are responsible for the fall in labor share in U.S. corporations. Recent legislation imposes taxes on share repurchases, motivated by the assertion that share repurchases have led to reduced labor payments. Using several empirical approaches, we find no evidence that increases in share repurchases contribute to decreases in labor share. Top share repurchasing firms since 1982 did not decrease labor share. We also rely on exogenous changes in share repurchases around EPS announcements to pinpoint causality. Policies aimed at improving labor share by discouraging share repurchases will likely not achieve their objectives.
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  • Working Paper

    The Role of R&D Factors in Economic Growth

    November 2024

    Authors: Lorenz Ekerdt

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-69

    This paper studies factor usage in the R&D sector. I show that the usage of non-labor inputs in R&D is significant, and that their usage has grown much more rapidly than the R&D workforce. Using a standard growth decomposition applied to the aggregate idea production function, I estimate that at least 77% of idea growth since the early 1960s can be attributed to the growth of non-labor inputs in R&D. I demonstrate that a similar pattern would hold on the balanced growth path of a standard semi-endogenous growth model, and thus that the decomposition is not simply a by-product of rising research intensity. I then show that combining long-running differences in factor growth rates with non-unitary elasticities of substitution in idea production leads to a slowdown in idea growth whenever labor and capital are complementary. I conclude by estimating this elasticity of substitution and demonstrate that the results favor complimentarities.
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  • Working Paper

    From Marcy to Madison Square? The Effects of Growing Up in Public Housing on Early Adulthood Outcomes

    November 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-67

    This paper studies the effects of growing up in public housing in New York City on children's long-run outcomes. Using linked administrative data, we exploit variation in the age children move into public housing to estimate the effects of spending an additional year of childhood in public housing on a range of economic and social outcomes in early adulthood. We find that childhood exposure to public housing improves labor market outcomes and reduces participation in federal safety net programs, particularly for children from the most disadvantaged families. Additionally, we find there is some heterogeneity in impacts across public housing developments. Developments located in neighborhoods with relatively fewer renters and higher household incomes are better for children overall. Our estimate of the marginal value of public funds suggests that for every $1 the government spends per child on public housing, children receive $1.40 in benefits, including $2.30 for children from the most disadvantaged families.
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  • Working Paper

    Entry Costs Rise with Growth

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-63

    Over time and across states in the U.S., the number of firms is more closely tied to overall employment than to output per worker. In many models of firm dynamics, trade, and growth with a free entry condition, these facts imply that the costs of creating a new firm increase sharply with productivity growth. This increase in entry costs can stem from the rising cost of labor used in entry and weak or negative knowledge spillovers from prior entry. Our findings suggest that productivity-enhancing policies will not induce firm entry, thereby limiting the total impact of such policies on welfare.
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  • Working Paper

    Incorporating Administrative Data in Survey Weights for the 2018-2022 Survey of Income and Program Participation

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-58

    Response rates to the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) have declined over time, raising the potential for nonresponse bias in survey estimates. A potential solution is to leverage administrative data from government agencies and third-party data providers when constructing survey weights. In this paper, we modify various parts of the SIPP weighting algorithm to incorporate such data. We create these new weights for the 2018 through 2022 SIPP panels and examine how the new weights affect survey estimates. Our results show that before weighting adjustments, SIPP respondents in these panels have higher socioeconomic status than the general population. Existing weighting procedures reduce many of these differences. Comparing SIPP estimates between the production weights and the administrative data-based weights yields changes that are not uniform across the joint income and program participation distribution. Unlike other Census Bureau household surveys, there is no large increase in nonresponse bias in SIPP due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. In summary, the magnitude and sign of nonresponse bias in SIPP is complicated, and the existing weighting procedures may change the sign of nonresponse bias for households with certain incomes and program benefit statuses.
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  • Working Paper

    Foreign Direct Investment, Geography, and Welfare

    September 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-45

    We study the impact of FDI on domestic welfare using a model of internal trade with variable markups that incorporates intranational transport costs. The model allows us to disentangle the various channels through which FDI affects welfare. We apply the model to the case of Ethiopian manufacturing, which received considerable amounts of FDI during our study period. We find substantial gains from the presence of foreign firms, both in the local market and in other connected markets in the country. FDI, however, resulted in a modest worsening of allocative efficiency because foreign firms tend to have significantly higher markups than domestic firms. We report consistent findings from our empirical analysis, which utilises microdata on manufacturing firms, information on FDI projects, and geospatial data on improvements in the road network.
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  • Working Paper

    Urban-Biased Growth: A Macroeconomic Analysis

    June 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-33

    After 1980, larger US cities experienced substantially faster wage growth than smaller ones. We show that this urban bias mainly reflected wage growth at large Business Services firms. These firms stand out through their high per-worker expenditure on information technology and disproportionate presence in big cities. We introduce a spatial model of investment-specific technical change that can rationalize these patterns. Using the model as an accounting framework, we find that the observed decline in the investment price of information technology capital explains most urban-biased growth by raising the profits of large Business Services firms in big cities.
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  • Working Paper

    How Big is Small? The Economic Effects of Access to Small Business Subsidies

    June 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-28

    Industry size standards that determine eligibility for small business subsidies have vastly increased over the past decade. We exploit quasi-random variation in the implementation of size standard increases to study the effects on small firms, subsidy allocation, and industry outcomes using Census Bureau microdata. Following size standard increases, revenues decline for an industry's smallest firms, and they are less likely to survive. We link these effects to a reallocation of government procurement contracts from smaller to larger firms. Consequently, industries become more concentrated and growth declines. These findings highlight the broad economic effects of changing eligibility for small business subsidies.
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