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Papers Containing Keywords(s): 'employed'

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Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 121

Current Population Survey - 103

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 95

North American Industry Classification System - 79

Internal Revenue Service - 77

Longitudinal Business Database - 72

Center for Economic Studies - 69

Employer Identification Numbers - 61

National Science Foundation - 58

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 56

American Community Survey - 55

Ordinary Least Squares - 52

Standard Industrial Classification - 52

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 50

Social Security Administration - 48

Decennial Census - 40

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 40

Protected Identification Key - 39

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 38

Unemployment Insurance - 38

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 38

Social Security Number - 37

Social Security - 36

Business Register - 33

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 33

Disclosure Review Board - 31

National Bureau of Economic Research - 29

Cornell University - 26

LEHD Program - 26

Federal Reserve Bank - 24

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 24

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 23

Department of Labor - 23

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 23

PSID - 22

Census of Manufactures - 21

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 20

Economic Census - 20

National Institute on Aging - 20

Local Employment Dynamics - 19

International Trade Research Report - 19

W-2 - 18

Longitudinal Research Database - 18

Federal Reserve System - 18

Individual Characteristics File - 17

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 17

Business Dynamics Statistics - 16

AKM - 16

University of Chicago - 16

Service Annual Survey - 16

Research Data Center - 16

Characteristics of Business Owners - 15

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 15

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 15

Employment History File - 15

2010 Census - 15

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 14

Census Bureau Business Register - 14

Employer Characteristics File - 14

Survey of Business Owners - 13

County Business Patterns - 13

Retail Trade - 13

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 13

University of Maryland - 13

Small Business Administration - 12

Total Factor Productivity - 12

Office of Management and Budget - 11

Census Numident - 10

Business Employment Dynamics - 10

Occupational Employment Statistics - 10

Labor Turnover Survey - 10

Journal of Labor Economics - 10

Person Validation System - 10

Board of Governors - 10

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 9

JOLTS - 9

Detailed Earnings Records - 9

Office of Personnel Management - 9

Master Address File - 9

Kauffman Foundation - 9

Journal of Economic Literature - 9

American Economic Review - 9

Russell Sage Foundation - 9

Postal Service - 8

Technical Services - 8

Accommodation and Food Services - 8

Successor Predecessor File - 8

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 8

Composite Person Record - 8

Employer-Household Dynamics - 8

Standard Occupational Classification - 8

American Economic Association - 8

Business Register Bridge - 8

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas - 8

National Employer Survey - 7

Integrated Longitudinal Business Database - 7

Health Care and Social Assistance - 7

Sloan Foundation - 7

Core Based Statistical Area - 7

Society of Labor Economists - 7

Department of Homeland Security - 7

Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement - 7

Center for Administrative Records Research - 7

Special Sworn Status - 7

Urban Institute - 7

Census 2000 - 7

Health and Retirement Study - 6

Project on Impact Investments - 6

Educational Services - 6

Professional Services - 6

Department of Health and Human Services - 6

NBER Summer Institute - 6

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 6

Review of Economics and Statistics - 6

National Income and Product Accounts - 6

New York University - 6

Census Industry Code - 6

Cobb-Douglas - 6

North American Free Trade Agreement - 6

Council of Economic Advisers - 6

New York Times - 6

Department of Defense - 6

Business Master File - 6

Labor Productivity - 6

American Statistical Association - 6

BLS Handbook of Methods - 6

Sample Edited Detail File - 6

Department of Commerce - 6

WECD - 6

Arts, Entertainment - 5

Annual Business Survey - 5

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 5

Nonemployer Statistics - 5

Housing and Urban Development - 5

HHS - 5

Agriculture, Forestry - 5

Department of Economics - 5

Social Security Disability Insurance - 5

CDF - 5

Wholesale Trade - 5

ASEC - 5

Person Identification Validation System - 5

SSA Numident - 5

Personally Identifiable Information - 5

World Trade Organization - 5

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 5

Federal Insurance Contribution Act - 5

UC Berkeley - 5

University of Michigan - 5

Department of Housing and Urban Development - 5

Public Administration - 5

Bureau of Labor - 5

Current Employment Statistics - 5

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 5

Journal of Political Economy - 5

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 5

Yale University - 5

Permanent Plant Number - 5

National Establishment Time Series - 4

Supreme Court - 4

General Accounting Office - 4

COVID-19 - 4

Kauffman Firm Survey - 4

Census Bureau Business Dynamics Statistics - 4

MIT Press - 4

Earned Income Tax Credit - 4

Federal Tax Information - 4

Business Services - 4

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 4

United States Census Bureau - 4

PIKed - 4

Pew Research Center - 4

Social and Economic Supplement - 4

North American Industry Classi - 4

Master Earnings File - 4

American Housing Survey - 4

Probability Density Function - 4

Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications - 4

Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago - 4

Geographic Information Systems - 4

Columbia University - 4

Company Organization Survey - 4

1940 Census - 4

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series - 3

Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database - 3

Limited Liability Company - 3

George Mason University - 3

Federal Register - 3

MAF-ARF - 3

IQR - 3

TFPQ - 3

Journal of Human Resources - 3

Boston College - 3

Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs - 3

Federal Reserve Board of Governors - 3

American Immigration Council - 3

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - 3

Ohio State University - 3

Census of Retail Trade - 3

Journal of Econometrics - 3

NUMIDENT - 3

Indian Health Service - 3

Harvard University - 3

IZA - 3

Public Use Micro Sample - 3

Establishment Micro Properties - 3

Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews and Computer Assisted Personal Interviews - 3

Computer Assisted Personal Interview - 3

CATI - 3

employ - 149

labor - 131

workforce - 129

employee - 118

earnings - 78

worker - 75

payroll - 69

recession - 64

job - 59

hiring - 48

economist - 43

salary - 40

econometric - 39

unemployed - 37

earner - 36

occupation - 33

workplace - 33

hire - 32

survey - 31

entrepreneurship - 31

entrepreneur - 30

employing - 30

earn - 29

heterogeneity - 27

establishment - 27

employment dynamics - 27

tenure - 27

layoff - 25

employment growth - 24

longitudinal - 24

quarterly - 24

census employment - 23

venture - 22

enterprise - 22

entrepreneurial - 22

employment statistics - 22

unemployment rates - 22

proprietorship - 21

longitudinal employer - 21

labor statistics - 21

estimating - 21

employment estimates - 20

endogeneity - 20

industrial - 20

employer household - 20

census bureau - 19

macroeconomic - 19

employment data - 18

estimates employment - 18

minority - 17

growth - 17

shift - 17

employee data - 17

proprietor - 16

turnover - 16

manufacturing - 16

employment earnings - 16

metropolitan - 16

employment wages - 15

respondent - 14

work census - 14

trend - 14

hispanic - 14

agency - 14

discrimination - 14

ethnicity - 14

clerical - 14

report - 13

opportunity - 13

labor markets - 13

gdp - 13

sale - 13

sector - 12

trends employment - 12

immigrant - 12

wage data - 12

employment unemployment - 12

compensation - 12

ownership - 12

economic census - 12

employment flows - 12

statistical - 11

organizational - 11

employment trends - 11

revenue - 11

incentive - 11

workers earnings - 11

estimation - 11

matching - 11

earnings employees - 11

employment count - 11

data census - 11

state employment - 11

recessionary - 11

residential - 11

company - 10

corporation - 10

socioeconomic - 10

worker demographics - 10

production - 10

irs - 10

woman - 10

bias - 10

recession employment - 10

effect wages - 10

mobility - 10

research census - 10

residence - 10

aging - 10

investment - 9

disadvantaged - 9

market - 9

export - 9

economically - 9

imputation - 9

employment effects - 9

worker wages - 9

expenditure - 9

associate - 9

wage differences - 9

disparity - 9

accounting - 9

retirement - 9

union - 9

wages employment - 9

segregation - 9

wages productivity - 9

ethnic - 9

owner - 9

financial - 8

unobserved - 8

employment entrepreneurship - 8

decline - 8

tax - 8

wage industries - 8

workforce indicators - 8

earnings workers - 8

employment measures - 8

data - 8

decade - 8

regress - 8

effects employment - 8

population - 8

endogenous - 8

employment recession - 8

wage variation - 8

wage regressions - 8

owned businesses - 8

demand - 7

startup - 7

rural - 7

migration - 7

migrant - 7

filing - 7

rent - 7

transition - 7

insurance - 7

analysis - 7

econometrician - 7

microdata - 7

productive - 7

finance - 7

wealth - 7

housing - 7

profit - 7

industry employment - 7

wage growth - 7

citizen - 7

wage changes - 7

census data - 7

department - 7

labor productivity - 7

state - 7

resident - 7

neighborhood - 7

business owners - 7

acquisition - 7

relocation - 6

employment production - 6

record - 6

increase employment - 6

impact employment - 6

earnings growth - 6

commute - 6

coverage - 6

statistician - 6

wage effects - 6

industry wages - 6

earnings inequality - 6

discrepancy - 6

executive - 6

manager - 6

efficiency - 6

federal - 6

welfare - 6

unemployment insurance - 6

census research - 6

career - 6

measures employment - 6

poverty - 6

employment changes - 6

corporate - 6

black - 6

characteristics businesses - 6

business startups - 5

wholesale - 5

startups employees - 5

native - 5

employment distribution - 5

exporter - 5

migrate - 5

nonemployer businesses - 5

incorporated - 5

immigration - 5

disclosure - 5

aggregate - 5

warehousing - 5

job growth - 5

earnings age - 5

retail - 5

founder - 5

wage earnings - 5

geographically - 5

leverage - 5

wages production - 5

network - 5

white - 5

segregated - 5

racial - 5

productivity growth - 5

merger - 5

household surveys - 4

2010 census - 4

employees startups - 4

town - 4

spillover - 4

import - 4

exporting - 4

migrating - 4

percentile - 4

educated - 4

estimator - 4

women earnings - 4

survey income - 4

managerial - 4

reporting - 4

medicaid - 4

assessed - 4

econometrically - 4

recession exposure - 4

model - 4

coverage employer - 4

datasets - 4

wage gap - 4

immigrant entrepreneurs - 4

regional - 4

censuses surveys - 4

trends labor - 4

shareholder - 4

moving - 4

use census - 4

asian - 4

neighbor - 4

prospect - 4

race - 4

assessing - 4

census survey - 3

prevalence - 3

impact - 3

area - 3

exogeneity - 3

autoregressive - 3

growth employment - 3

firms export - 3

trading - 3

importer - 3

trader - 3

declining - 3

city - 3

firms census - 3

immigrant workers - 3

expense - 3

outsourcing - 3

premium - 3

healthcare - 3

insurance employer - 3

health insurance - 3

insurance premiums - 3

analyst - 3

taxpayer - 3

1040 - 3

industry productivity - 3

productivity differences - 3

productivity measures - 3

ssa - 3

disability - 3

asset - 3

linked census - 3

census business - 3

imputation model - 3

firms employment - 3

mother - 3

productivity wage - 3

volatility - 3

yearly - 3

plant employment - 3

parental - 3

classified - 3

census file - 3

intergenerational - 3

enrollment - 3

eligible - 3

contract - 3

stock - 3

heterogeneous - 3

social - 3

businesses census - 3

residing - 3

matched - 3

restructuring - 3

manufacturer - 3

latino - 3

productivity estimates - 3

black business - 3

establishments data - 3

regression - 3

specialization - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 237


  • Working Paper

    Tapping Business and Household Surveys to Sharpen Our View of Work from Home

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-36

    Timely business-level measures of work from home (WFH) are scarce for the U.S. economy. We review prior survey-based efforts to quantify the incidence and character of WFH and describe new questions that we developed and fielded for the Business Trends and Outlook Survey (BTOS). Drawing on more than 150,000 firm-level responses to the BTOS, we obtain four main findings. First, nearly a third of businesses have employees who work from home, with tremendous variation across sectors. The share of businesses with WFH employees is nearly ten times larger in the Information sector than in Accommodation and Food Services. Second, employees work from home about 1 day per week, on average, and businesses expect similar WFH levels in five years. Third, feasibility aside, businesses' largest concern with WFH relates to productivity. Seven percent of businesses find that onsite work is more productive, while two percent find that WFH is more productive. Fourth, there is a low level of tracking and monitoring of WFH activities, with 70% of firms reporting they do not track employee days in the office and 75% reporting they do not monitor employees when they work from home. These lessons serve as a starting point for enhancing WFH-related content in the American Community Survey and other household surveys.
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  • Working Paper

    Impact Investing and Worker Outcomes

    May 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-30

    Impact investors claim to distinguish themselves from traditional venture capital and growth equity investors by also pursuing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives. Whether they successfully do so in practice is unclear. We use confidential Census Bureau microdata to assess worker outcomes across portfolio companies. Impact investors are more likely than other private equity firms to fund businesses in economically disadvantaged areas, and the performance of these companies lags behind those held by traditional private investors. We show that post-funding impact-backed firms are more likely to hire minorities, unskilled workers, and individuals with lower historical earnings, perhaps reflecting the higher representation of minorities in top positions. They also allocate wage increases more favorably to minorities and rank-and-file workers than VC-backed firms. Our results are consistent with impact investors and their portfolio companies acting according to non-pecuniary social goals and thus are not consistent with mere window dressing or cosmetic changes.
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  • Working Paper

    Startup Dynamics: Transitioning from Nonemployer Firms to Employer Firms, Survival, and Job Creation

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-26

    Understanding the dynamics of startup businesses' growth, exit, and survival is crucial for fostering entrepreneurship. Among the nearly 30 million registered businesses in the United States, fewer than six million have employees beyond the business owners. This research addresses the gap in understanding which companies transition to employer businesses and the mechanisms behind this process. Job creation remains a critical concern for policymakers, researchers, and advocacy groups. This study aims to illuminate the transition from non-employer businesses to employer businesses and explore job creation by new startups. Leveraging newly available microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau, we seek to gain deeper insights into firm survival, job creation by startups, and the transition from non-employer to employer status.
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  • Working Paper

    Place Based Economic Development and Tribal Casinos

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-24

    Tribal lands in the U.S. have historically experienced some of the worst economic conditions in the nation. We review some existing research on the effect of American Indian tribal casinos on various measures of local economic development. This is an industry that began in the early 1990s and currently generates more than $40 billion annually. We also review the state of the literature on the effects of casino operations on communities in or adjacent to tribal areas. Using a new dataset linking individual and enterprise-level data longitudinally, this study examines the industry- and location-specific impacts of tribal casino operations. We focus in particular on the employment of American Indians. We document positive flows from unemployment and non-casino geographies to work in sectors related to casino operations. Tribal casinos differ from other standard place-based economic development projects in that they are focused on a single industry; we discuss these differences and note that some of the positive spillover effects may be similar to other, more standard place-based policies. Finally, we discuss additional and open-ended questions for future research on this topic.
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  • Working Paper

    Size Matters: Matching Externalities and the Advantages of Large Labor Markets

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-22

    Economists have long hypothesized that large and thick labor markets facilitate the matching between workers and firms. We use administrative data from the LEHD to compare the job search outcomes of workers originally in large and small markets who lost their jobs due to a firm closure. We define a labor market as the Commuting Zone'industry pair in the quarter before the closure. To account for the possible sorting of high-quality workers into larger markets, the effect of market size is identified by comparing workers in large and small markets within the same CZ, conditional on workers fixed effects. In the six quarters before their firm's closure, workers in small and large markets have a similar probability of employment and quarterly earnings. Following the closure, workers in larger markets experience significantly shorter non-employment spells and smaller earning losses than workers in smaller markets, indicating that larger markets partially insure workers against idiosyncratic employment shocks. A 1 percent increase in market size results in a 0.015 and 0.023 percentage points increase in the 1-year re-employment probability of high school and college graduates, respectively. Displaced workers in larger markets also experience a significantly lower need for relocation to a different CZ. Conditional on finding a new job, the quality of the new worker-firm match is higher in larger markets, as proxied by a higher probability that the new match lasts more than one year; the new industry is the same as the old one; and the new industry is a 'good fit' for the worker's college major. Consistent with the notion that market size should be particularly consequential for more specialized workers, we find that the effects are larger in industries where human capital is more specialized and less portable. Our findings may help explain the geographical agglomeration of industries'especially those that make intensive use of highly specialized workers'and validate one of the mechanisms that urban economists have proposed for the existence of agglomeration economies.
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  • Working Paper

    The Composition of Firm Workforces from 2006'2022: Findings from the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital Experimental Product

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-20

    We introduce the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital (BDS-HC) tables, a new Census Bureau experimental product that provides public-use statistics on the workforce composition of firms and its relationship to business dynamics. We use administrative W-2 filings to combine population-level worker demographic data with longitudinal business data to estimate the demographic and educational composition of nearly all non-farm employer businesses in the United States between 2006 and 2022. We use this newly constructed data to document the evolution of employment, entry, and exit of employers based on their workforce compositions. We also provide new statistics on the interaction between firm and worker characteristics, including the composition of workers at startup firms. We find substantial changes between 2006 and 2022 in the distribution of employers along several dimensions, primarily driven by changing workforce compositions within continuing firms rather than the reallocation of employment between firms. We also highlight systematic differences in the business dynamics of firms by their workforce compositions, suggesting that different groups of workers face different economic environments due to their employers.
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  • Working Paper

    The Effect of Oil News Shocks on Job Creation and Destruction

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-06

    Using data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and the Census of Manufacturing (CMF), we construct quarterly measures of job creation and destruction by 3-digit NAICS industries spanning from 1980Q3-2016Q4. These long series allow us to address three questions regarding the effect of oil news shocks. What is the average effect of oil news shocks on sectoral labor reallocation? What characteristics explain the observed heterogeneity in the average responses across industries? Has the response of US manufacturing changed over time? We find evidence that oil news shocks exert only a moderate effect on total manufacturing net employment growth but lead to a significant increase in job reallocation. However, we find a high degree of heterogeneity in responses across industries. We then show that the cross-industry variation in the sensitivity of net employment growth and excess job reallocation to oil news shocks is related to differences in energy costs, the rate of energy to capital expenditures, and the share of mature firms in the industry. Finally, we illustrate how the dynamic response of sectoral job creation and destruction to oil news shocks has declined since the mid-2000s.
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  • Working Paper

    Exploring the Hiring, Pay, and Trading Patterns of U.S. Firms: The Dominance of Multinationals Engaged in Related-Party Trade

    December 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-77

    We link U.S. job records with both firm-level business register and customs records to construct a novel set of summary statistics and descriptive regressions that highlight the central role played by the small set of multinational firms (denoted RP XM firms) who engage in both importing and exporting with related parties in translating international trade shocks to shifts in labor demand. We find that RP XM firms 1) dominate trade volumes; 2) account for very disproportionate shares of national employment and payroll; 3) employ greater shares of workers in higher pay deciles; 4) disproportionately poach other firms' high paid workers; 5) offer higher raises to their existing workers. These hiring and pay patterns generally exist even among new RP XM firms, but strengthen with RP XM tenure, and continue to hold, albeit at smaller magnitudes, after conditioning on standard proxies for firm and worker productivity. Taken together, these findings reveal that RP XM status is a reliable proxy for the kind of firm that drives the initial labor market impacts of trade shocks, and that high paid workers are likely to be most directly exposed to such shocks.
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  • Working Paper

    Garage Entrepreneurs or just Self-Employed? An Investigation into Nonemployer Entrepreneurship

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-61

    Nonemployers, businesses without employees, account for most businesses in the U.S. yet are poorly understood. We use restricted administrative and survey data to describe nonemployer dynamics, overall performance, and performance by demographic group. We find that eventual outcome ' migration to employer status, continuing as a nonemployer, or exit ' is closely related to receipt growth. We provide estimates of employment creation by firms that began as nonemployers and become employers (migrants), estimating that relative to all firms born in 1996, nonemployer migrants accounted for 3-17% of all net jobs in the seventh year after startup. Moreover, we find that migrants' employment creation declined by 54% for the cohorts born between 1996 to 2014. Our results are consistent with increased adjustment frictions in recent periods, and suggest accessibility to transformative entrepreneurship for everyday Americans has declined.
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  • Working Paper

    Transitional Costs and the Decline of Coal: Worker-Level Evidence

    September 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-53

    We examine the labor market impacts of the U.S. coal industry's decline using comprehensive administrative data on workers from 2005-2021. Coal workers most exposed to the industry's contraction experienced substantial earnings losses, equivalent to 1.6 years of predecline wages. These losses stem from both reduced employment duration (0.37 fewer years employed) and lower annual earnings (17 percent decline) between 2012-2019, relative to similar workers less exposed to coal's decline. Earnings reductions primarly occur when workers remain in local labor markets but are not employed in mining. While coal workers do not exhibit lower geographic mobility, relocation does not significantly mitigate their earnings losses.
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