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Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Economic Census'

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North American Industry Classification System - 86

Longitudinal Business Database - 81

Center for Economic Studies - 70

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 63

Internal Revenue Service - 48

National Science Foundation - 47

Standard Industrial Classification - 47

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 41

Business Register - 40

Employer Identification Numbers - 39

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 39

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 34

National Bureau of Economic Research - 34

Total Factor Productivity - 33

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 33

Ordinary Least Squares - 30

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 30

Census Bureau Business Register - 29

Census of Manufactures - 27

County Business Patterns - 27

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 26

Current Population Survey - 24

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 24

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 23

Disclosure Review Board - 21

Research Data Center - 21

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 20

Social Security Administration - 20

Service Annual Survey - 20

Federal Reserve Bank - 19

Business Dynamics Statistics - 18

Census of Retail Trade - 18

Company Organization Survey - 18

Longitudinal Research Database - 17

Retail Trade - 15

Wholesale Trade - 14

Social Security - 14

American Community Survey - 14

Small Business Administration - 14

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 14

Office of Management and Budget - 12

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 12

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 12

University of Chicago - 12

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 12

Cornell University - 12

Social Security Number - 11

Survey of Business Owners - 11

Special Sworn Status - 11

Decennial Census - 11

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 11

Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database - 10

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 10

Postal Service - 10

Patent and Trademark Office - 9

Technical Services - 9

Department of Labor - 9

TFPQ - 9

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 9

Permanent Plant Number - 9

Federal Reserve System - 8

Census of Services - 8

Cobb-Douglas - 8

Information and Communication Technology Survey - 8

University of Maryland - 8

Characteristics of Business Owners - 8

2010 Census - 8

Accommodation and Food Services - 7

Harmonized System - 7

Journal of Economic Literature - 7

National Center for Health Statistics - 7

Business Services - 7

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 7

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 7

Bureau of Labor - 7

Kauffman Foundation - 7

Electronic Data Interchange - 7

Integrated Longitudinal Business Database - 7

Business Master File - 7

LEHD Program - 7

European Union - 6

Annual Business Survey - 6

Department of Agriculture - 6

Protected Identification Key - 6

NBER Summer Institute - 6

National Income and Product Accounts - 6

Sloan Foundation - 6

Federal Trade Commission - 6

IBM - 6

Management and Organizational Practices Survey - 6

National Employer Survey - 6

Statistics Canada - 6

Wal-Mart - 6

Survey of Industrial Research and Development - 6

National Institute on Aging - 6

Foreign Direct Investment - 5

Department of Homeland Security - 5

Unemployment Insurance - 5

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation - 5

Boston College - 5

Generalized Method of Moments - 5

TFPR - 5

Department of Commerce - 5

Energy Information Administration - 5

Duke University - 5

Environmental Protection Agency - 5

COMPUSTAT - 5

COVID-19 - 5

Labor Productivity - 5

AKM - 5

Local Employment Dynamics - 5

Business Research and Development and Innovation Survey - 5

University of Michigan - 5

Computer Network Use Supplement - 5

Commodity Flow Survey - 5

General Accounting Office - 4

Economic Research Service - 4

Business R&D and Innovation Survey - 4

2SLS - 4

IQR - 4

Department of Justice - 4

Securities and Exchange Commission - 4

Department of Economics - 4

North American Industry Classi - 4

Paycheck Protection Program - 4

Business Employment Dynamics - 4

Educational Services - 4

Business Formation Statistics - 4

American Economic Association - 4

Occupational Employment Statistics - 4

UC Berkeley - 4

Employment History File - 4

Employer Characteristics File - 4

University of California Los Angeles - 4

Chicago RDC - 4

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 4

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 4

Survey of Manufacturing Technology - 4

European Commission - 3

Value Added - 3

Public Administration - 3

Professional Services - 3

Federal Register - 3

W-2 - 3

International Trade Commission - 3

National Establishment Time Series - 3

World Trade Organization - 3

Department of Energy - 3

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics - 3

Current Employment Statistics - 3

Retirement History Survey - 3

Data Management System - 3

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey - 3

United States Census Bureau - 3

Limited Liability Company - 3

United Nations - 3

Herfindahl-Hirschman - 3

Harvard Business School - 3

Nonemployer Statistics - 3

Master Address File - 3

Auxiliary Establishment Survey - 3

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 3

Initial Public Offering - 3

Core Based Statistical Area - 3

Department of Education - 3

Federal Tax Information - 3

American Statistical Association - 3

Georgetown University - 3

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 3

American Economic Review - 3

Journal of Labor Economics - 3

Employer-Household Dynamics - 3

International Standard Industrial Classification - 3

World Bank - 3

Review of Economics and Statistics - 3

MIT Press - 3

IZA - 3

Individual Characteristics File - 3

Establishment Micro Properties - 3

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 3

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas - 3

manufacturing - 45

production - 40

sector - 37

market - 34

sale - 34

growth - 32

revenue - 32

enterprise - 32

industrial - 28

labor - 28

econometric - 26

payroll - 26

economic census - 26

company - 25

survey - 25

agency - 24

expenditure - 23

estimating - 21

workforce - 21

economist - 20

employ - 20

establishment - 20

employed - 20

employee - 20

export - 19

organizational - 19

recession - 18

macroeconomic - 17

wholesale - 17

data - 17

innovation - 16

earnings - 16

produce - 16

gdp - 16

quarterly - 16

manufacturer - 15

investment - 15

report - 15

census bureau - 15

proprietorship - 15

acquisition - 14

statistical - 14

inventory - 13

microdata - 13

aggregate - 13

retail - 13

demand - 13

monopolistic - 12

multinational - 12

retailer - 12

technological - 12

salary - 11

incorporated - 11

profit - 11

productive - 11

efficiency - 11

endogeneity - 11

data census - 11

census data - 11

patent - 10

economically - 10

research census - 10

datasets - 10

import - 9

exporter - 9

productivity dynamics - 9

incentive - 9

ownership - 9

respondent - 9

entrepreneur - 9

proprietor - 9

census business - 9

profitability - 9

competitor - 8

estimation - 8

researcher - 8

corporation - 8

productivity dispersion - 8

consumption - 8

productivity growth - 8

commerce - 8

trend - 8

metropolitan - 8

accounting - 8

population - 8

merger - 7

factory - 7

spillover - 7

restaurant - 7

warehousing - 7

corporate - 7

employment growth - 7

warehouse - 7

customer - 7

record - 7

heterogeneity - 7

longitudinal - 7

employment data - 7

business data - 7

census years - 7

research - 7

consumer - 7

subsidiary - 6

competitiveness - 6

entrepreneurship - 6

innovate - 6

wages productivity - 6

patenting - 6

innovative - 6

outsourced - 6

venture - 6

monopolistically - 6

diversification - 6

specialization - 6

industry concentration - 6

labor productivity - 6

productivity measures - 6

labor statistics - 6

employment estimates - 6

outsourcing - 6

franchising - 6

disclosure - 6

manager - 6

database - 6

businesses census - 6

regression - 6

estimates productivity - 6

economic statistics - 6

statistician - 6

study - 6

exporting - 5

diversify - 5

firms size - 5

finance - 5

industry variation - 5

reallocation productivity - 5

regress - 5

grocery - 5

state - 5

city - 5

efficient - 5

energy - 5

federal - 5

department - 5

healthcare - 5

corp - 5

average - 5

managerial - 5

impact - 5

censuses surveys - 5

census survey - 5

information census - 5

use census - 5

census use - 5

marketing - 5

financial - 5

worker - 5

franchise - 5

retailing - 5

store - 5

development - 5

analysis - 5

workplace - 5

productivity plants - 5

technology - 5

employer household - 5

oligopolistic - 4

invention - 4

growth productivity - 4

innovating - 4

innovator - 4

firms patents - 4

job - 4

occupation - 4

conglomerate - 4

depreciation - 4

invest - 4

industry productivity - 4

firms grow - 4

area - 4

relocation - 4

rent - 4

energy efficiency - 4

supplier - 4

matching - 4

coverage - 4

classified - 4

industry employment - 4

compensation - 4

reporting - 4

management - 4

neighborhood - 4

work census - 4

establishments data - 4

surveys censuses - 4

commodity - 4

turnover - 4

estimates employment - 4

aggregation - 4

practices productivity - 4

econometrically - 4

owner - 4

productivity analysis - 4

census employment - 4

firms census - 4

econometrician - 4

buyer - 4

aging - 4

computer - 4

exported - 3

productivity impacts - 3

investor - 3

patents firms - 3

patenting firms - 3

firm patenting - 3

labor markets - 3

minority - 3

acquirer - 3

small firms - 3

investing - 3

stock - 3

externality - 3

competitive - 3

diversified - 3

globalization - 3

aggregate productivity - 3

productivity increases - 3

industry growth - 3

regressing - 3

regional - 3

region - 3

geographically - 3

urban - 3

relocate - 3

electricity - 3

budget - 3

renewable - 3

regulation - 3

policymakers - 3

discrimination - 3

importer - 3

sourcing - 3

medicare - 3

medicaid - 3

industries estimate - 3

utilization - 3

classification - 3

fuel - 3

emission - 3

wage growth - 3

indicator - 3

country - 3

trademark - 3

growth employment - 3

executive - 3

workers earnings - 3

earner - 3

rural - 3

pandemic - 3

insurance - 3

health - 3

hurricane - 3

public - 3

merchandise - 3

price - 3

earnings inequality - 3

franchisor - 3

franchise establishments - 3

irs - 3

measures employment - 3

privacy - 3

publicly - 3

measures productivity - 3

supermarket - 3

productivity firms - 3

agriculture - 3

model - 3

entrepreneurial - 3

geography - 3

geographic - 3

confidentiality - 3

layoff - 3

resident - 3

network - 3

producing - 3

plant productivity - 3

manufacturing productivity - 3

larger firms - 3

employment production - 3

employment dynamics - 3

longitudinal employer - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 152


  • Working Paper

    Multi-Market Contact in International Trade; Evidence from U.S. Battery Exporters

    May 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-32

    When competitors compete in more than one market they are said to have multi-market contact (MMC). Firms with MMC are more likely collude to avoid cross-market retaliation. This paper investigates the impact of MMC among U.S. battery exporters on the prices they set in foreign markets using confidential export transaction data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. The ability of firms to exploit MMC for collusive gain in international markets can be both detrimental to import-dependent consumers and harder for anti-trust authorities to detect. Motivated by litigation finding evidence of collusive behavior by multi-national battery manufacturers, MMC has an upward effect on export prices set by U.S. battery exporters. These results are robust across different panel regression specifications using different measures of MMC.
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  • Working Paper

    The Rise of Industrial AI in America: Microfoundations of the Productivity J-curve(s)

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-27

    We examine the prevalence and productivity dynamics of artificial intelligence (AI) in American manufacturing. Working with the Census Bureau to collect detailed large-scale data for 2017 and 2021, we focus on AI-related technologies with industrial applications. We find causal evidence of J-curve-shaped returns, where short-term performance losses precede longer-term gains. Consistent with costly adjustment taking place within core production processes, industrial AI use increases work-in-progress inventory, investment in industrial robots, and labor shedding, while harming productivity and profitability in the short run. These losses are unevenly distributed, concentrating among older businesses while being mitigated by growth-oriented business strategies and within-firm spillovers. Dynamics, however, matter: earlier (pre-2017) adopters exhibit stronger growth over time, conditional on survival. Notably, among older establishments, abandonment of structured production-management practices accounts for roughly one-third of these losses, revealing a specific channel through which intangible factors shape AI's impact. Taken together, these results provide novel evidence on the microfoundations of technology J-curves, identifying mechanisms and illuminating how and why they differ across firm types. These findings extend our understanding of modern General Purpose Technologies, explaining why their economic impact'exemplified here by AI'may initially disappoint, particularly in contexts dominated by older, established firms.
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  • Working Paper

    Growth is Getting Harder to Find, Not Ideas

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-21

    Relatively flat US output growth versus rising numbers of US researchers is often interpreted as evidence that "ideas are getting harder to find." We build a new 46-year panel tracking the universe of U.S. firms' patenting to investigate the micro underpinnings of this claim, separately examining the relationships between research inputs and ideas (patents) versus ideas and growth. Over our sample period, we find that researchers' patenting productivity is increasing, there is little evidence of any secular decline in high-quality patenting common to all firms, and the link between patents and growth is present, differs by type of idea, and is fairly stable. On the other hand, we find strong evidence of secular decreases in output unrelated to patenting, suggesting an important role for other factors. Together, these results invite renewed empirical and theoretical attention to the impact of ideas on growth. To that end, our patent-firm bridge, which will be available to researchers with approved access, is used to produce new, public-use statistics on the Business Dynamics of Patenting Firms (BDS-PF).
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  • Working Paper

    Tip of the Iceberg: Tip Reporting at U.S. Restaurants, 2005-2018

    November 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-68

    Tipping is a significant form of compensation for many restaurant jobs, but it is poorly measured and therefore not well understood. We combine several large administrative and survey datasets and document patterns in tip reporting that are consistent with systematic under-reporting of tip income. Our analysis indicates that although the vast majority of tipped workers do report earning some tips, the dollar value of tips is under-reported and is sensitive to reporting incentives. In total, we estimate that about eight billion in tips paid at full-service, single-location, restaurants were not captured in tax data annually over the period 2005-2018. Due to changes in payment methods and reporting incentives, tip reporting has increased over time. Our findings have implications for downstream measures dependent on accurate measures of compensation including poverty measurement among tipped restaurant workers.
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  • Working Paper

    The China Shock Revisited: Job Reallocation and Industry Switching in U.S. Labor Markets

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-65

    Using confidential administrative data from the U.S. Census Bureau we revisit how the rise in Chinese import penetration has reshaped U.S. local labor markets. Local labor markets more exposed to the China shock experienced larger reallocation from manufacturing to services jobs. Most of this reallocation occurred within firms that simultaneously contracted manufacturing operations while expanding employment in services. Notably, about 40% of the manufacturing job loss effect is due to continuing establishments switching their primary activity from manufacturing to trade-related services such as research, management, and wholesale. The effects of Chinese import penetration vary by local labor market characteristics. In areas with high human capital, including much of the West Coast and large cities, job reallocation from manufacturing to services has been substantial. In areas with low human capital and a high initial manufacturing share, including much of the Midwest and the South, we find limited job reallocation. We estimate this differential response to the China shock accounts for half of the 1997-2007 job growth gap between these regions.
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  • Working Paper

    Exploratory Report: Annual Business Survey Ownership Diversity and Its Association with Patenting and Venture Capital Success

    October 2024

    Authors: Timothy R. Wojan

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-62

    The Annual Business Survey (ABS) as the replacement for the Survey of Business Owners (SBO) serves as the principal data source for investigating business ownership of minorities, women, and immigrants. As a combination of SBO, the innovation questions formerly collected in the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS), and an R&D module for microbusinesses with fewer than 10 employees, ABS opens new research opportunities investigating how ownership demographics are associated with innovation. One critical issue that ABS is uniquely able to investigate is the role that diversity among ownership teams plays in facilitating innovation or intermediate innovation outcomes in R&D-performing microbusinesses. Earlier research using ABS identified both demographic and disciplinary diversity as strong correlates to new-to-market innovation. This research investigates the extent to which the various forms of diversity also impact tangible innovation related intermediate outcomes such as the awarding of patents or securing venture capital financing for R&D. The other major difference with the earlier work is the focus on R&D-performing microbusinesses that are an essential input to radical innovation through the division of innovative labor. Evidence that disciplinary and/or demographic diversity affect the likelihood of receiving a patent or securing venture capital financing by small, high-tech start-ups may have implications for higher education, affirmative action, and immigration policy.
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  • Working Paper

    How Big is Small? The Economic Effects of Access to Small Business Subsidies

    June 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-28

    Industry size standards that determine eligibility for small business subsidies have vastly increased over the past decade. We exploit quasi-random variation in the implementation of size standard increases to study the effects on small firms, subsidy allocation, and industry outcomes using Census Bureau microdata. Following size standard increases, revenues decline for an industry's smallest firms, and they are less likely to survive. We link these effects to a reallocation of government procurement contracts from smaller to larger firms. Consequently, industries become more concentrated and growth declines. These findings highlight the broad economic effects of changing eligibility for small business subsidies.
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  • Working Paper

    Good Dispersion, Bad Dispersion

    March 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-13

    We document that most dispersion in marginal revenue products of inputs occurs across plants within firms rather than between firms. This is commonly thought to reflect misallocation: dispersion is 'bad.' However, we show that eliminating frictions hampering internal capital markets in a multi-plant firm model may in fact increase productivity dispersion and raise output: dispersion can be 'good.' This arises as firms optimally stagger investment activity across their plants over time to avoid raising costly external finance, instead relying on reallocating internal funds. The staggering in turn generates dispersion in marginal revenue products. We use U.S. Census data on multi-plant manufacturing firms to provide empirical evidence for the model mechanism and show a quantitatively important role for good dispersion. Since there is less scope for good dispersion in emerging economies, the difference in the degree of misallocation between emerging and developed economies looks more pronounced than previously thought.
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  • Working Paper

    The Rise of Specialized Firms

    February 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-06

    This paper studies firm diversification over 6-digit NAICS industries in U.S. manufacturing. We find that firms specializing in fewer industries now account for a substantially greater share of production than 40 years ago. This reallocation is a key driver of rising industry concentration. Specialized firms have displaced diversified firms among industry leaders'absent this reallocation concentration would have decreased. We then provide evidence that specialized firms produce higher-quality goods: specialized firms tend to charge higher unit prices and are more insulated against Chinese import competition. Based on our empirical findings, we propose a theory in which growth shifts demand toward specialized, high-quality firms, which eventually increases concentration. We conclude that one should expect rising industry concentration in a growing economy.
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  • Working Paper

    Collaborative Micro-productivity Project: Establishment-Level Productivity Dataset, 1972-2020

    December 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-65

    We describe the process for building the Collaborative Micro-productivity Project (CMP) microdata and calculating establishment-level productivity numbers. The documentation is for version 7 and the data cover the years 1972-2020. These data have been used in numerous research papers and are used to create the experimental public-use data product Dispersion Statistics on Productivity (DiSP).
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