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Papers Containing Tag(s): 'North American Industry Classification System'

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Longitudinal Business Database - 215

Center for Economic Studies - 131

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 124

Standard Industrial Classification - 112

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 110

National Science Foundation - 99

Internal Revenue Service - 96

Ordinary Least Squares - 93

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 91

Employer Identification Numbers - 89

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 87

Economic Census - 86

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 85

National Bureau of Economic Research - 85

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Business Register - 80

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North American Free Trade Agreement - 6

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Linear Probability Models - 6

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Journal of Econometrics - 6

Employer-Household Dynamics - 6

Survey of Manufacturing Technology - 6

Council of Economic Advisers - 6

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Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas - 6

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series - 5

Project on Impact Investments - 5

Supreme Court - 5

IZA - 5

National Employer Survey - 5

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1940 Census - 5

National Institutes of Health - 5

Princeton University Press - 5

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American Statistical Association - 5

Wal-Mart - 5

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Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures - 5

Health and Retirement Study - 4

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Federal Register - 4

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Society of Labor Economists - 4

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Federal Reserve Board of Governors - 4

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National Institute on Aging - 4

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National Research Council - 4

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Journal of Human Resources - 3

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National Academy of Sciences - 3

Social and Economic Supplement - 3

Securities Data Company - 3

Administrative Records - 3

Stern School of Business - 3

Public Use Micro Sample - 3

WECD - 3

John Haltiwanger - 28

Lucia Foster - 22

Javier Miranda - 20

Ron Jarmin - 17

Lars Vilhuber - 16

Nathan Goldschlag - 13

Catherine Buffington - 11

John M. Abowd - 11

Peter Schott - 10

Emin Dinlersoz - 10

Teresa C. Fort - 8

Martha Stinson - 8

Cheryl Grim - 8

Kevin L. McKinney - 8

Fariha Kamal - 8

Shawn Klimek - 8

Nicholas Bloom - 7

Erik Brynjolfsson - 7

Nikolas Zolas - 7

Gale Boyd - 7

J. David Brown - 7

Stephen Redding - 7

Matthias Kehrig - 6

Zoltan Wolf - 6

Scott Ohlmacher - 6

Erika McEntarfer - 6

Henry Hyatt - 6

Jerome P. Reiter - 6

Xavier Giroud - 6

Steven J. Davis - 5

Zachary Kroff - 5

J. Daniel Kim - 5

John S. Earle - 5

Christopher Goetz - 5

Ronald J Shadbegian - 5

Justin Pierce - 5

David L. Rigby - 5

Thomas Kemeny - 5

Abigail Cooke - 5

C.J. Krizan - 5

J. Bradford Jensen - 5

Randy Becker - 5

Cristina Tello-Trillo - 4

Kristina McElheran - 4

Randall Akee - 4

Matthew Doolin - 4

James R. Spletzer - 4

Kristin Sandusky - 4

Nicolas Vincent - 4

Chen Yeh - 4

Jay Stewart - 4

Alice Zawacki - 4

Ian M. Schmutte - 4

Andrew S. Green - 4

Kevin Rinz - 4

Benjamin Pugsley - 4

Kristin McCue - 4

Andrew Bernard - 4

B.K. Atrostic - 4

Maggie R. Jones - 3

Melissa Chow - 3

Emek Basker - 3

Kyle Handley - 3

Timothy R. Wojan - 3

Stephen Tibbets - 3

Lawrence Warren - 3

Moises Yi - 3

Sharat Ganapati - 3

G. Jacob Blackwood - 3

John Van Reenen - 3

Mee Jung Kim - 3

Kyung Min Lee - 3

Robert Seamans - 3

Itay Saporta-Eksten - 3

Matthew R. Graham - 3

Wayne B Gray - 3

Cindy Cunningham - 3

Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia - 3

Wei Ouyang - 3

Hyunseob Kim - 3

Natarajan Balasubramanian - 3

Mariko Sakakibara - 3

Elisabeth Ruth Perlman - 3

T. Kirk White - 3

Elton Mykerezi - 3

Richard M. Todd - 3

Matthew D. Shapiro - 3

John J. Stevens - 3

Mary Jialin Li - 3

Mark J. Kutzbach - 3

Satkartar K. Kinney - 3

Holger M. Mueller - 3

Bryce Stephens - 3

Sang V Nguyen - 3

manufacturing - 84

market - 81

employed - 79

employ - 79

labor - 74

workforce - 74

industrial - 73

sector - 66

production - 65

growth - 65

macroeconomic - 65

recession - 62

econometric - 59

employee - 57

revenue - 55

enterprise - 54

payroll - 53

sale - 51

gdp - 51

export - 48

company - 48

economist - 47

expenditure - 46

investment - 45

estimating - 45

entrepreneurship - 45

earnings - 44

innovation - 42

economically - 42

survey - 40

entrepreneur - 40

demand - 36

establishment - 33

worker - 32

manufacturer - 30

quarterly - 30

organizational - 30

report - 28

exporter - 28

agency - 28

venture - 27

endogeneity - 27

employment growth - 27

import - 26

patent - 26

aggregate - 26

acquisition - 24

job - 24

occupation - 24

statistical - 23

produce - 23

technological - 23

trend - 23

monopolistic - 22

workplace - 22

estimation - 21

spillover - 21

finance - 21

entrepreneurial - 21

wholesale - 21

hiring - 20

proprietorship - 20

salary - 20

data - 20

multinational - 19

heterogeneity - 19

inventory - 18

patenting - 18

financial - 18

census employment - 18

disclosure - 18

microdata - 18

respondent - 17

investor - 17

tariff - 17

efficiency - 17

profit - 17

employment statistics - 17

census bureau - 16

corporation - 16

earner - 16

incorporated - 16

immigrant - 16

incentive - 16

productivity growth - 16

metropolitan - 16

proprietor - 16

productive - 16

data census - 16

competitor - 15

innovate - 15

employment dynamics - 15

trading - 15

specialization - 15

employment data - 15

technology - 15

accounting - 15

innovative - 14

warehousing - 14

importer - 14

leverage - 14

regional - 14

labor productivity - 14

labor statistics - 14

ethnicity - 14

industry productivity - 14

exporting - 13

retailer - 13

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hire - 13

exogeneity - 13

unemployed - 13

consumption - 13

commodity - 13

retail - 13

datasets - 13

census data - 13

longitudinal - 13

growth productivity - 12

factory - 12

researcher - 12

stock - 12

record - 12

emission - 12

regress - 12

commerce - 12

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corporate - 12

geographically - 12

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profitability - 11

irs - 11

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declining - 11

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epa - 11

estimates employment - 11

employment estimates - 11

cost - 11

diversification - 11

research census - 11

population - 11

shipment - 10

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subsidiary - 10

oligopolistic - 10

invention - 10

invest - 10

area - 10

layoff - 10

shock - 10

development - 10

immigration - 10

industry wages - 10

monopolistically - 10

founder - 10

rent - 10

industry concentration - 10

consumer - 10

database - 10

business data - 10

census survey - 9

competitiveness - 9

investing - 9

prospect - 9

financing - 9

equity - 9

wages productivity - 9

socioeconomic - 9

labor markets - 9

ownership - 9

decade - 9

sectoral - 9

country - 9

imputation - 9

tenure - 9

employing - 9

energy - 9

price - 9

productivity measures - 9

sourcing - 9

ethnic - 9

regulation - 9

coverage - 9

turnover - 9

work census - 9

employment count - 9

employer household - 9

longitudinal employer - 9

productivity estimates - 9

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innovating - 8

rural - 8

opportunity - 8

depreciation - 8

wage growth - 8

product - 8

research - 8

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international trade - 8

firms export - 8

firms trade - 8

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good - 8

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regressing - 8

firms productivity - 8

migrant - 8

supplier - 8

geography - 8

analysis - 8

econometrician - 8

regional economic - 8

use census - 8

imported - 8

regression - 8

pollution - 8

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worker demographics - 7

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regional industries - 4

export market - 3

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impact employment - 3

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establishments data - 3

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Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 353


  • Working Paper

    Tapping Business and Household Surveys to Sharpen Our View of Work from Home

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-36

    Timely business-level measures of work from home (WFH) are scarce for the U.S. economy. We review prior survey-based efforts to quantify the incidence and character of WFH and describe new questions that we developed and fielded for the Business Trends and Outlook Survey (BTOS). Drawing on more than 150,000 firm-level responses to the BTOS, we obtain four main findings. First, nearly a third of businesses have employees who work from home, with tremendous variation across sectors. The share of businesses with WFH employees is nearly ten times larger in the Information sector than in Accommodation and Food Services. Second, employees work from home about 1 day per week, on average, and businesses expect similar WFH levels in five years. Third, feasibility aside, businesses' largest concern with WFH relates to productivity. Seven percent of businesses find that onsite work is more productive, while two percent find that WFH is more productive. Fourth, there is a low level of tracking and monitoring of WFH activities, with 70% of firms reporting they do not track employee days in the office and 75% reporting they do not monitor employees when they work from home. These lessons serve as a starting point for enhancing WFH-related content in the American Community Survey and other household surveys.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Firm Heterogeneity, Misallocation, and Trade

    May 2025

    Authors: John Chung

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-33

    To what extent do domestic distortions influence the gains from trade? Using data from Chinese manufacturing surveys and U.S. census records, I document two novel stylized facts: (1) Larger producers in China exhibit lower revenue productivity, whereas larger producers in the U.S. exhibit higher revenue productivity. (2) Larger exporters in China exhibit lower export intensity, whereas larger exporters in the U.S. exhibit higher export intensity. A model of heterogeneous producers shows that only the U.S. patterns are consistent with an efficient allocation. To reconcile the observed patterns in China, I introduce producer- and destination-specific subsidies and estimate the model without imposing functional form assumptions on the joint distribution of productivity and subsidy rates. Accounting for distortions in China leads to substantially smaller estimated gains from trade.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Multi-Market Contact in International Trade; Evidence from U.S. Battery Exporters

    May 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-32

    When competitors compete in more than one market they are said to have multi-market contact (MMC). Firms with MMC are more likely collude to avoid cross-market retaliation. This paper investigates the impact of MMC among U.S. battery exporters on the prices they set in foreign markets using confidential export transaction data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. The ability of firms to exploit MMC for collusive gain in international markets can be both detrimental to import-dependent consumers and harder for anti-trust authorities to detect. Motivated by litigation finding evidence of collusive behavior by multi-national battery manufacturers, MMC has an upward effect on export prices set by U.S. battery exporters. These results are robust across different panel regression specifications using different measures of MMC.
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  • Working Paper

    Property Rights, Firm Size and Investments in Innovation: Evidence from the America Invents Act

    May 2025

    Authors: James Driver

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-31

    I analyze whether a change in patent systems differentially affects firm-level innovation investments at patent-valuing firms of different sizes. Using legally required, economically representative, U.S. Census Bureau microdata, I separate firms into groups based on a firm's response to a question asking it to rank the degree of patent importance to its business and firm-size. I then measure how firms' innovation inputs/outputs respond to the America Invents Act (AIA). Results show the AIA reduced innovation investments at smaller, patent-valuing firms while increasing innovation investments at larger, patent-valuing firms, highlighting differential firm-size effects of patent policy and policy's importance to investments.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Impact Investing and Worker Outcomes

    May 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-30

    Impact investors claim to distinguish themselves from traditional venture capital and growth equity investors by also pursuing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives. Whether they successfully do so in practice is unclear. We use confidential Census Bureau microdata to assess worker outcomes across portfolio companies. Impact investors are more likely than other private equity firms to fund businesses in economically disadvantaged areas, and the performance of these companies lags behind those held by traditional private investors. We show that post-funding impact-backed firms are more likely to hire minorities, unskilled workers, and individuals with lower historical earnings, perhaps reflecting the higher representation of minorities in top positions. They also allocate wage increases more favorably to minorities and rank-and-file workers than VC-backed firms. Our results are consistent with impact investors and their portfolio companies acting according to non-pecuniary social goals and thus are not consistent with mere window dressing or cosmetic changes.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    The Rise of Industrial AI in America: Microfoundations of the Productivity J-curve(s)

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-27

    We examine the prevalence and productivity dynamics of artificial intelligence (AI) in American manufacturing. Working with the Census Bureau to collect detailed large-scale data for 2017 and 2021, we focus on AI-related technologies with industrial applications. We find causal evidence of J-curve-shaped returns, where short-term performance losses precede longer-term gains. Consistent with costly adjustment taking place within core production processes, industrial AI use increases work-in-progress inventory, investment in industrial robots, and labor shedding, while harming productivity and profitability in the short run. These losses are unevenly distributed, concentrating among older businesses while being mitigated by growth-oriented business strategies and within-firm spillovers. Dynamics, however, matter: earlier (pre-2017) adopters exhibit stronger growth over time, conditional on survival. Notably, among older establishments, abandonment of structured production-management practices accounts for roughly one-third of these losses, revealing a specific channel through which intangible factors shape AI's impact. Taken together, these results provide novel evidence on the microfoundations of technology J-curves, identifying mechanisms and illuminating how and why they differ across firm types. These findings extend our understanding of modern General Purpose Technologies, explaining why their economic impact'exemplified here by AI'may initially disappoint, particularly in contexts dominated by older, established firms.
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  • Working Paper

    Place Based Economic Development and Tribal Casinos

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-24

    Tribal lands in the U.S. have historically experienced some of the worst economic conditions in the nation. We review some existing research on the effect of American Indian tribal casinos on various measures of local economic development. This is an industry that began in the early 1990s and currently generates more than $40 billion annually. We also review the state of the literature on the effects of casino operations on communities in or adjacent to tribal areas. Using a new dataset linking individual and enterprise-level data longitudinally, this study examines the industry- and location-specific impacts of tribal casino operations. We focus in particular on the employment of American Indians. We document positive flows from unemployment and non-casino geographies to work in sectors related to casino operations. Tribal casinos differ from other standard place-based economic development projects in that they are focused on a single industry; we discuss these differences and note that some of the positive spillover effects may be similar to other, more standard place-based policies. Finally, we discuss additional and open-ended questions for future research on this topic.
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  • Working Paper

    Growth is Getting Harder to Find, Not Ideas

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-21

    Relatively flat US output growth versus rising numbers of US researchers is often interpreted as evidence that "ideas are getting harder to find." We build a new 46-year panel tracking the universe of U.S. firms' patenting to investigate the micro underpinnings of this claim, separately examining the relationships between research inputs and ideas (patents) versus ideas and growth. Over our sample period, we find that researchers' patenting productivity is increasing, there is little evidence of any secular decline in high-quality patenting common to all firms, and the link between patents and growth is present, differs by type of idea, and is fairly stable. On the other hand, we find strong evidence of secular decreases in output unrelated to patenting, suggesting an important role for other factors. Together, these results invite renewed empirical and theoretical attention to the impact of ideas on growth. To that end, our patent-firm bridge, which will be available to researchers with approved access, is used to produce new, public-use statistics on the Business Dynamics of Patenting Firms (BDS-PF).
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  • Working Paper

    The Intangible Divide: Why Do So Few Firms Invest in Innovation?

    February 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-15

    Investments in software, R&D, and advertising have surged, nearing half of U.S. private nonresidential investment. Yet just a few hundred firms dominate this growth. Most firms, including large ones, regularly invest little in capitalized software and R&D, widening this 'intangible divide' despite falling intangible prices. Using comprehensive US Census microdata, we document these patterns and explore factors associated with intangible investment. We find that firms invest significantly less in innovation-related intangibles when their rivals invest more. One firm's investment can obsolesce rivals' investments, reducing returns. This negative pecuniary externality worsens the intangible divide, potentially leading to significant misallocation.
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  • Working Paper

    Workers' Job Prospects and Young Firm Dynamics

    January 2025

    Authors: Seula Kim

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-09

    This paper investigates how worker beliefs and job prospects impact the wages and growth of young firms, as well as the aggregate economy. Building a heterogeneous-firm directed search model where workers gradually learn about firm types, I find that learning generates endogenous wage differentials for young firms. High-performing young firms must pay higher wages than equally high-performing old firms, while low-performing young firms offer lower wages than equally low-performing old firms. Reduced uncertainty or labor market frictions lower the wage differentials, thereby enhancing young firm dynamics and aggregate productivity. The results are consistent with U.S. administrative employee-employer matched data.
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