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Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Business Register'

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Longitudinal Business Database - 82

North American Industry Classification System - 80

Employer Identification Numbers - 65

Internal Revenue Service - 63

Center for Economic Studies - 58

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 50

Census Bureau Business Register - 44

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 42

National Science Foundation - 40

Economic Census - 40

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 40

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 35

Current Population Survey - 33

National Bureau of Economic Research - 33

Disclosure Review Board - 32

Standard Industrial Classification - 31

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 31

Social Security Administration - 30

Service Annual Survey - 29

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 29

Protected Identification Key - 26

American Community Survey - 25

Business Dynamics Statistics - 24

Ordinary Least Squares - 23

County Business Patterns - 22

Decennial Census - 21

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 21

Research Data Center - 21

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 20

Social Security Number - 20

Census of Manufactures - 18

Social Security - 18

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 17

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 17

Patent and Trademark Office - 16

University of Chicago - 16

Cornell University - 16

Total Factor Productivity - 15

Company Organization Survey - 15

Postal Service - 15

Federal Reserve Bank - 15

Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database - 14

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 14

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 13

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 13

W-2 - 12

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 12

Department of Labor - 11

Longitudinal Research Database - 11

Individual Characteristics File - 10

Small Business Administration - 10

Survey of Business Owners - 10

Office of Management and Budget - 10

University of Maryland - 10

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 10

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 10

Local Employment Dynamics - 10

Technical Services - 9

Sloan Foundation - 9

Special Sworn Status - 9

Employer Characteristics File - 9

Unemployment Insurance - 9

Business Master File - 9

Retail Trade - 8

Person Validation System - 8

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 8

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 8

Business Employment Dynamics - 8

Kauffman Foundation - 8

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 8

University of Michigan - 8

Wholesale Trade - 7

Public Administration - 7

Census Numident - 7

Integrated Longitudinal Business Database - 7

Master Address File - 7

2010 Census - 7

American Economic Association - 7

National Center for Health Statistics - 7

Foreign Direct Investment - 7

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 7

Statistics Canada - 7

Harmonized System - 7

Employment History File - 7

North American Industry Classi - 7

Establishment Micro Properties - 7

Educational Services - 6

Accommodation and Food Services - 6

Agriculture, Forestry - 6

American Housing Survey - 6

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 6

Characteristics of Business Owners - 6

New York University - 6

Census Bureau Business Dynamics Statistics - 6

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics - 6

World Bank - 6

Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs - 6

Business Research and Development and Innovation Survey - 6

Journal of Labor Economics - 6

Federal Reserve System - 6

American Economic Review - 6

Cobb-Douglas - 6

Initial Public Offering - 6

Core Based Statistical Area - 6

Probability Density Function - 6

Federal Tax Information - 6

Department of Commerce - 6

Health Care and Social Assistance - 5

Limited Liability Company - 5

Department of Housing and Urban Development - 5

Computer Assisted Personal Interview - 5

SSA Numident - 5

Annual Business Survey - 5

Survey of Industrial Research and Development - 5

Personally Identifiable Information - 5

Securities and Exchange Commission - 5

IBM - 5

Labor Productivity - 5

Department of Defense - 5

Journal of Economic Literature - 5

Customs and Border Protection - 5

Review of Economics and Statistics - 5

PSID - 5

University of Toronto - 5

Office of Personnel Management - 5

Business Register Bridge - 5

State Energy Data System - 5

International Trade Research Report - 5

Sample Edited Detail File - 5

CDF - 5

Permanent Plant Number - 5

LEHD Program - 5

Department of Homeland Security - 4

Paycheck Protection Program - 4

Arts, Entertainment - 4

COVID-19 - 4

National Employer Survey - 4

Administrative Records - 4

George Mason University - 4

IZA - 4

National Institutes of Health - 4

European Union - 4

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 4

Department of Agriculture - 4

Business R&D and Innovation Survey - 4

Management and Organizational Practices Survey - 4

AKM - 4

University of California Los Angeles - 4

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 4

Composite Person Record - 4

New York Times - 4

Detailed Earnings Records - 4

Geographic Information Systems - 4

COMPUSTAT - 4

Kauffman Firm Survey - 3

Housing and Urban Development - 3

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - 3

Census Bureau Person Identification Validation System - 3

Council of Economic Advisers - 3

Master Earnings File - 3

Business Formation Statistics - 3

Energy Information Administration - 3

Department of Energy - 3

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey - 3

United States Census Bureau - 3

United Nations - 3

Data Management System - 3

University of Minnesota - 3

Center for Administrative Records Research - 3

Information and Communication Technology Survey - 3

World Trade Organization - 3

Economic Research Service - 3

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 3

Auxiliary Establishment Survey - 3

HHS - 3

Occupational Employment Statistics - 3

MIT Press - 3

Person Identification Validation System - 3

Current Employment Statistics - 3

Census of Retail Trade - 3

Electronic Data Interchange - 3

Fabricated Metal Products - 3

Center for Research in Security Prices - 3

National Institute on Aging - 3

National Research Council - 3

National Income and Product Accounts - 3

National Opinion Research Center - 3

WECD - 3

survey - 34

employed - 33

employ - 32

workforce - 30

employee - 26

enterprise - 26

agency - 25

company - 24

payroll - 23

recession - 20

labor - 20

sector - 20

manufacturing - 20

respondent - 19

entrepreneur - 18

innovation - 17

earnings - 17

gdp - 17

sale - 17

economic census - 17

entrepreneurship - 16

data - 16

data census - 16

census bureau - 16

patent - 15

organizational - 15

revenue - 15

expenditure - 15

econometric - 15

macroeconomic - 15

growth - 14

establishment - 14

market - 14

industrial - 14

report - 14

patenting - 13

worker - 13

census data - 13

economist - 13

estimating - 13

statistical - 13

manufacturer - 13

inventory - 12

proprietorship - 12

venture - 12

population - 12

acquisition - 11

longitudinal - 11

quarterly - 11

incorporated - 11

export - 11

multinational - 11

occupation - 11

microdata - 11

census employment - 11

researcher - 10

invention - 10

workplace - 10

corporation - 10

aggregate - 10

employment data - 9

irs - 9

entrepreneurial - 9

coverage - 9

investment - 9

business data - 9

innovative - 8

ethnicity - 8

datasets - 8

insurance - 8

earner - 8

production - 8

research census - 8

wholesale - 8

record - 8

proprietor - 8

investor - 7

innovator - 7

work census - 7

trend - 7

employment dynamics - 7

employment statistics - 7

estimation - 7

exporter - 7

import - 7

corp - 7

censuses surveys - 7

census survey - 7

database - 7

salary - 7

econometrician - 7

statistician - 7

employee data - 7

technological - 6

hiring - 6

longitudinal employer - 6

finance - 6

funding - 6

minority - 6

economically - 6

earn - 6

innovate - 6

technology - 6

endogeneity - 6

incentive - 6

use census - 6

corporate - 6

job - 6

census business - 6

firms patents - 5

patenting firms - 5

employment trends - 5

hispanic - 5

medicaid - 5

assessed - 5

ethnic - 5

immigrant - 5

study - 5

employment growth - 5

management - 5

subsidiary - 5

matching - 5

associate - 5

identifier - 5

information census - 5

warehousing - 5

businesses census - 5

tariff - 5

founder - 5

imputation - 5

healthcare - 5

health insurance - 5

department - 5

clerical - 5

employer household - 5

aging - 5

discrimination - 5

innovating - 4

patented - 4

patents firms - 4

employment estimates - 4

worker demographics - 4

nonemployer businesses - 4

citizen - 4

leverage - 4

spillover - 4

shock - 4

disclosure - 4

research - 4

manager - 4

accounting - 4

pension - 4

classified - 4

classification - 4

foreign - 4

trademark - 4

tax - 4

filing - 4

demand - 4

monopolistic - 4

metropolitan - 4

impact - 4

white - 4

census years - 4

census use - 4

shipment - 4

trading - 4

custom - 4

merger - 4

customer - 4

retailer - 4

exported - 4

heterogeneity - 4

employment earnings - 4

tenure - 4

census research - 4

linked census - 4

enrollment - 4

insured - 4

surveys censuses - 4

factory - 4

estimates employment - 4

labor statistics - 4

volatility - 4

segregation - 4

federal - 4

developed - 3

borrower - 3

loan - 3

bank - 3

lender - 3

migrant - 3

household surveys - 3

pandemic - 3

survey income - 3

income data - 3

unemployed - 3

financial - 3

financing - 3

disaster - 3

prospect - 3

managerial - 3

efficiency - 3

classifying - 3

employment measures - 3

average - 3

monopolistically - 3

technology adoption - 3

welfare - 3

compensation - 3

rural - 3

retail - 3

black - 3

wealth - 3

yearly - 3

establishments data - 3

exporting - 3

importing - 3

firms export - 3

warehouse - 3

imported - 3

importer - 3

takeover - 3

acquirer - 3

stock - 3

reporting - 3

commerce - 3

supplier - 3

industry employment - 3

employment wages - 3

state - 3

ownership - 3

startup - 3

growth firms - 3

enrollee - 3

insurance coverage - 3

firms census - 3

outsourcing - 3

outsourced - 3

census file - 3

measures employment - 3

employing - 3

productivity growth - 3

industry productivity - 3

productivity measures - 3

restructuring - 3

2010 census - 3

development - 3

innovation productivity - 3

residential - 3

workforce indicators - 3

racial - 3

race - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 130


  • Working Paper

    Growth is Getting Harder to Find, Not Ideas

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-21

    Relatively flat US output growth versus rising numbers of US researchers is often interpreted as evidence that "ideas are getting harder to find." We build a new 46-year panel tracking the universe of U.S. firms' patenting to investigate the micro underpinnings of this claim, separately examining the relationships between research inputs and ideas (patents) versus ideas and growth. Over our sample period, we find that researchers' patenting productivity is increasing, there is little evidence of any secular decline in high-quality patenting common to all firms, and the link between patents and growth is present, differs by type of idea, and is fairly stable. On the other hand, we find strong evidence of secular decreases in output unrelated to patenting, suggesting an important role for other factors. Together, these results invite renewed empirical and theoretical attention to the impact of ideas on growth. To that end, our patent-firm bridge, which will be available to researchers with approved access, is used to produce new, public-use statistics on the Business Dynamics of Patenting Firms (BDS-PF).
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  • Working Paper

    The Composition of Firm Workforces from 2006'2022: Findings from the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital Experimental Product

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-20

    We introduce the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital (BDS-HC) tables, a new Census Bureau experimental product that provides public-use statistics on the workforce composition of firms and its relationship to business dynamics. We use administrative W-2 filings to combine population-level worker demographic data with longitudinal business data to estimate the demographic and educational composition of nearly all non-farm employer businesses in the United States between 2006 and 2022. We use this newly constructed data to document the evolution of employment, entry, and exit of employers based on their workforce compositions. We also provide new statistics on the interaction between firm and worker characteristics, including the composition of workers at startup firms. We find substantial changes between 2006 and 2022 in the distribution of employers along several dimensions, primarily driven by changing workforce compositions within continuing firms rather than the reallocation of employment between firms. We also highlight systematic differences in the business dynamics of firms by their workforce compositions, suggesting that different groups of workers face different economic environments due to their employers.
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  • Working Paper

    Measuring the Business Dynamics of Firms that Received Pandemic Relief Funding: Findings from a New Experimental BDS Data Product

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-05

    This paper describes a new experimental data product from the U.S. Census Bureau's Center for Economic Studies: the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) of firms that received Small Business Administration (SBA) pandemic funding. This new product, BDS-SBA COVID, expands the set of currently published BDS tables by linking loan-level program participation data from SBA to internal business microdata at the U.S. Census Bureau. The linked programs include the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), COVID Economic Injury Disaster Loans (COVID-EIDL), the Restaurant Revitalization Fund (RRF), and Shuttered Venue Operators Grants (SVOG). Using these linked data, we tabulate annual firm and establishment counts, measures of job creation and destruction, and establishment entry and exit for recipients and non-recipients of program funds in 2020-2021. We further stratify the tables by timing of loan receipt and loan size, and business characteristics including geography, industry sector, firm size, and firm age. We find that for the youngest firms that received PPP, the timing of receipt mattered. Receiving an early loan correlated with a lower job destruction rate compared to non-recipients and businesses that received a later loan. For the smallest firms, simply participating in PPP was associated with lower employment loss. The timing of PPP receipt was also related to establishment exit rates. For businesses of nearly all ages, those that received an early loan exited at a lower rate in 2022 than later loan recipients.
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  • Working Paper

    Garage Entrepreneurs or just Self-Employed? An Investigation into Nonemployer Entrepreneurship

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-61

    Nonemployers, businesses without employees, account for most businesses in the U.S. yet are poorly understood. We use restricted administrative and survey data to describe nonemployer dynamics, overall performance, and performance by demographic group. We find that eventual outcome ' migration to employer status, continuing as a nonemployer, or exit ' is closely related to receipt growth. We provide estimates of employment creation by firms that began as nonemployers and become employers (migrants), estimating that relative to all firms born in 1996, nonemployer migrants accounted for 3-17% of all net jobs in the seventh year after startup. Moreover, we find that migrants' employment creation declined by 54% for the cohorts born between 1996 to 2014. Our results are consistent with increased adjustment frictions in recent periods, and suggest accessibility to transformative entrepreneurship for everyday Americans has declined.
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  • Working Paper

    Nonresponse and Coverage Bias in the Household Pulse Survey: Evidence from Administrative Data

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-60

    The Household Pulse Survey (HPS) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau is a unique survey that provided timely data on the effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on American households and continues to provide data on other emergent social and economic issues. Because the survey has a response rate in the single digits and only has an online response mode, there are concerns about nonresponse and coverage bias. In this paper, we match administrative data from government agencies and third-party data to HPS respondents to examine how representative they are of the U.S. population. For comparison, we create a benchmark of American Community Survey (ACS) respondents and nonrespondents and include the ACS respondents as another point of reference. Overall, we find that the HPS is less representative of the U.S. population than the ACS. However, performance varies across administrative variables, and the existing weighting adjustments appear to greatly improve the representativeness of the HPS. Additionally, we look at household characteristics by their email domain to examine the effects on coverage from limiting email messages in 2023 to addresses from the contact frame with at least 90% deliverability rates, finding no clear change in the representativeness of the HPS afterwards.
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  • Working Paper

    Incorporating Administrative Data in Survey Weights for the 2018-2022 Survey of Income and Program Participation

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-58

    Response rates to the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) have declined over time, raising the potential for nonresponse bias in survey estimates. A potential solution is to leverage administrative data from government agencies and third-party data providers when constructing survey weights. In this paper, we modify various parts of the SIPP weighting algorithm to incorporate such data. We create these new weights for the 2018 through 2022 SIPP panels and examine how the new weights affect survey estimates. Our results show that before weighting adjustments, SIPP respondents in these panels have higher socioeconomic status than the general population. Existing weighting procedures reduce many of these differences. Comparing SIPP estimates between the production weights and the administrative data-based weights yields changes that are not uniform across the joint income and program participation distribution. Unlike other Census Bureau household surveys, there is no large increase in nonresponse bias in SIPP due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. In summary, the magnitude and sign of nonresponse bias in SIPP is complicated, and the existing weighting procedures may change the sign of nonresponse bias for households with certain incomes and program benefit statuses.
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  • Working Paper

    Transitional Costs and the Decline of Coal: Worker-Level Evidence

    September 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-53

    We examine the labor market impacts of the U.S. coal industry's decline using comprehensive administrative data on workers from 2005-2021. Coal workers most exposed to the industry's contraction experienced substantial earnings losses, equivalent to 1.6 years of predecline wages. These losses stem from both reduced employment duration (0.37 fewer years employed) and lower annual earnings (17 percent decline) between 2012-2019, relative to similar workers less exposed to coal's decline. Earnings reductions primarly occur when workers remain in local labor markets but are not employed in mining. While coal workers do not exhibit lower geographic mobility, relocation does not significantly mitigate their earnings losses.
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  • Working Paper

    After the Storm: How Emergency Liquidity Helps Small Businesses Following Natural Disasters

    April 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-20

    Does emergency credit prevent long-term financial distress? We study the causal effects of government-provided recovery loans to small businesses following natural disasters. The rapid financial injection might enable viable firms to survive and grow or might hobble precarious firms with more risk and interest obligations. We show that the loans reduce exit and bankruptcy, increase employment and revenue, unlock private credit, and reduce delinquency. These effects, especially the crowding-in of private credit, appear to reflect resolving uncertainty about repair. We do not find capital reallocation away from neighboring firms and see some evidence of positive spillovers on local entry.
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  • Working Paper

    Tracking Firm Use of AI in Real Time: A Snapshot from the Business Trends and Outlook Survey

    March 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-16R

    Timely and accurate measurement of AI use by firms is both challenging and crucial for understanding the impacts of AI on the U.S. economy. We provide new, real-time estimates of current and expected future use of AI for business purposes based on the Business Trends and Outlook Survey for September 2023 to February 2024. During this period, bi-weekly estimates of AI use rate rose from 3.7% to 5.4%, with an expected rate of about 6.6% by early Fall 2024. The fraction of workers at businesses that use AI is higher, especially for large businesses and in the Information sector. AI use is higher in large firms but the relationship between AI use and firm size is non-monotonic. In contrast, AI use is higher in young firms. Common uses of AI include marketing automation, virtual agents, and data/text analytics. AI users often utilize AI to substitute for worker tasks and equipment/software, but few report reductions in employment due to AI use. Many firms undergo organizational changes to accommodate AI, particularly by training staff, developing new workflows, and purchasing cloud services/storage. AI users also exhibit better overall performance and higher incidence of employment expansion compared to other businesses. The most common reason for non-adoption is the inapplicability of AI to the business.
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  • Working Paper

    Are Immigrants More Innovative? Evidence from Entrepreneurs

    November 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-56

    We evaluate the contributions of immigrant entrepreneurs to innovation in the U.S. using linked survey-administrative data on 199,000 firms with a rich set of innovation measures and other firm and owner characteristics. We find that not only are immigrants more likely than natives to own businesses, but on average their firms display more innovation activities and outcomes. Immigrant owned firms are particularly more likely to create completely new products, improve previous products, use new processes, and engage in both basic and applied R&D, and their efforts are reflected in substantially higher levels of patents and productivity. Immigrant owners are slightly less likely than natives to imitate products of others and to hire more employees. Delving into potential explanations of the immigrant-native differences, we study other characteristics of entrepreneurs, access to finance, choice of industry, immigrant self-selection, and effects of diversity. We find that the immigrant innovation advantage is robust to controlling for detailed characteristics of firms and owners, it holds in both high-tech and non-high-tech industries and, with the exception of productivity, it tends to be even stronger in firms owned by diverse immigrant-native teams and by diverse immigrants from different countries. The evidence from nearly all measures that immigrants tend to operate more innovative and productive firms, together with the higher share of business ownership by immigrants, implies large contributions to U.S. innovation and growth.
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