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Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Annual Survey of Manufactures'

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Frequently Occurring Concepts within this Search

Center for Economic Studies - 121

Census of Manufactures - 116

Total Factor Productivity - 102

Longitudinal Business Database - 92

North American Industry Classification System - 91

Longitudinal Research Database - 91

Standard Industrial Classification - 89

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 78

National Bureau of Economic Research - 77

Ordinary Least Squares - 74

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 73

National Science Foundation - 65

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 60

Cobb-Douglas - 49

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 45

Internal Revenue Service - 43

Economic Census - 41

Federal Reserve Bank - 37

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 37

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 34

Business Register - 29

Environmental Protection Agency - 28

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 28

Special Sworn Status - 28

Employer Identification Numbers - 27

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 26

Current Population Survey - 23

Research Data Center - 22

Permanent Plant Number - 22

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 20

County Business Patterns - 18

University of Chicago - 18

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 17

Generalized Method of Moments - 17

Disclosure Review Board - 17

University of Maryland - 16

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 16

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 16

Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures - 16

Federal Reserve System - 15

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey - 15

Management and Organizational Practices Survey - 15

Computer Network Use Supplement - 15

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 14

American Economic Review - 14

Social Security Administration - 14

Service Annual Survey - 14

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 14

Department of Commerce - 14

Energy Information Administration - 13

New York University - 13

Census Bureau Business Register - 13

Kauffman Foundation - 13

Journal of Economic Literature - 13

World Bank - 13

Department of Economics - 12

TFPQ - 12

Securities and Exchange Commission - 12

Survey of Manufacturing Technology - 12

Statistics Canada - 12

Electronic Data Interchange - 12

Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database - 11

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 11

Business Dynamics Statistics - 11

Information and Communication Technology Survey - 11

National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 10

IQR - 10

Labor Productivity - 10

Company Organization Survey - 10

Center for Research in Security Prices - 10

University of Michigan - 9

State Energy Data System - 9

Establishment Micro Properties - 9

Postal Service - 9

Securities Data Company - 9

National Establishment Time Series - 8

University of Toronto - 8

TFPR - 8

Department of Homeland Security - 8

Patent and Trademark Office - 8

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 8

Board of Governors - 8

COMPUSTAT - 8

Small Business Administration - 8

American Economic Association - 8

Cornell University - 8

North American Free Trade Agreement - 8

Review of Economics and Statistics - 8

New England County Metropolitan - 8

National Income and Product Accounts - 7

Department of Energy - 7

Business Employment Dynamics - 7

Boston College - 7

Herfindahl-Hirschman - 7

American Community Survey - 7

Fabricated Metal Products - 7

International Trade Research Report - 7

New York Times - 7

PAOC - 7

Auxiliary Establishment Survey - 7

National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics - 6

Office of Management and Budget - 6

Value Added - 6

E32 - 6

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 6

Journal of Econometrics - 6

Journal of Economic Perspectives - 6

Sloan Foundation - 6

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 6

Foreign Direct Investment - 6

Decennial Census - 6

Cambridge University Press - 6

Boston Research Data Center - 6

United States Census Bureau - 6

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 6

Business R&D and Innovation Survey - 5

General Accounting Office - 5

European Union - 5

World Trade Organization - 5

Customs and Border Protection - 5

Columbia University - 5

Princeton University Press - 5

Department of Labor - 5

Retirement History Survey - 5

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 5

Characteristics of Business Owners - 5

Council of Economic Advisers - 5

CAAA - 5

Individual Characteristics File - 5

North American Industry Classi - 5

Journal of Political Economy - 5

Bureau of Labor - 5

Toxics Release Inventory - 5

Journal of International Economics - 5

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 5

Schools Under Registration Review - 5

Insurance Information Institute - 5

Net Present Value - 5

2010 Census - 5

Survey of Industrial Research and Development - 4

Business Research and Development and Innovation Survey - 4

VAR - 4

COVID-19 - 4

Harvard University - 4

Penn State University - 4

Harmonized System - 4

Occupational Employment Statistics - 4

International Trade Commission - 4

Core Based Statistical Area - 4

Stanford University - 4

Carnegie Mellon University - 4

Review of Economic Studies - 4

Geographic Information Systems - 4

Federal Reserve Board of Governors - 4

European Commission - 4

National Academy of Sciences - 4

Survey of Business Owners - 4

Initial Public Offering - 4

Probability Density Function - 4

Wal-Mart - 4

Duke University - 4

Computer Aided Design - 4

National Research Council - 4

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 4

Princeton University - 4

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation - 4

Yale University - 4

Administrative Records - 4

MIT Press - 4

Annual Business Survey - 3

UC Berkeley - 3

Retail Trade - 3

Employment History File - 3

Current Employment Statistics - 3

Department of Justice - 3

NBER Summer Institute - 3

Public Administration - 3

Business Master File - 3

Federal Tax Information - 3

Chicago RDC - 3

National Employer Survey - 3

National Institute on Aging - 3

International Standard Industrial Classification - 3

Supreme Court - 3

Master Address File - 3

Business Register Bridge - 3

Business Services - 3

Social Security - 3

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas - 3

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 3

WECD - 3

American Statistical Association - 3

production - 107

manufacturing - 102

econometric - 75

expenditure - 68

industrial - 65

growth - 59

macroeconomic - 58

investment - 50

market - 49

labor - 49

produce - 49

estimating - 48

sector - 45

revenue - 45

sale - 45

demand - 41

efficiency - 41

economist - 40

recession - 38

enterprise - 37

manufacturer - 36

economically - 35

gdp - 33

employ - 32

estimation - 31

company - 31

productive - 28

payroll - 28

depreciation - 27

workforce - 27

quarterly - 26

export - 26

productivity growth - 25

technological - 25

aggregate - 25

technology - 24

organizational - 24

innovation - 23

endogeneity - 23

industry productivity - 23

survey - 21

emission - 21

employed - 20

employee - 20

plant productivity - 20

profit - 20

cost - 20

profitability - 19

consumption - 19

earnings - 19

regulation - 19

stock - 18

labor productivity - 18

productivity measures - 18

epa - 18

regression - 18

spillover - 17

finance - 17

acquisition - 17

leverage - 17

pollution - 17

environmental - 17

accounting - 16

factory - 15

financial - 15

productivity dispersion - 15

incentive - 15

establishment - 15

report - 15

merger - 15

pollutant - 15

factor productivity - 14

productivity dynamics - 14

invest - 14

employment growth - 14

multinational - 14

exporter - 14

polluting - 14

statistical - 13

corporate - 13

plants industry - 13

productivity estimates - 12

investing - 12

regional - 12

conglomerate - 12

incorporated - 12

aggregate productivity - 12

expense - 12

data census - 12

econometrician - 12

patent - 11

growth productivity - 11

agency - 11

manager - 11

measures productivity - 11

inventory - 11

economic census - 11

regulatory - 11

firms productivity - 11

estimator - 11

productivity plants - 11

efficient - 11

aggregation - 11

investor - 10

employment dynamics - 10

specialization - 10

corporation - 10

firms plants - 10

worker - 10

competitor - 10

productivity differences - 10

trend - 10

metropolitan - 10

data - 10

management - 10

longitudinal - 10

takeover - 10

equity - 10

respondent - 10

debt - 10

analysis productivity - 10

productivity shocks - 9

manufacturing productivity - 9

wages productivity - 9

job - 9

subsidiary - 9

monopolistic - 9

region - 9

labor statistics - 9

pricing - 9

product - 9

estimates productivity - 9

import - 9

exported - 9

census bureau - 9

capital - 9

layoff - 9

pollution abatement - 9

rates productivity - 8

innovate - 8

exogeneity - 8

shock - 8

tariff - 8

outsourcing - 8

outsourced - 8

plants firms - 8

salary - 8

electricity - 8

rate - 8

geographically - 8

technology adoption - 8

dispersion productivity - 8

sectoral - 8

census data - 8

computer - 8

price - 8

estimates employment - 8

exporting - 8

spending - 8

heterogeneity - 8

financing - 8

environmental regulation - 8

shareholder - 8

investment productivity - 7

entrepreneurship - 7

employment production - 7

country - 7

relocation - 7

plant investment - 7

microdata - 7

industry concentration - 7

plant employment - 7

energy - 7

electricity prices - 7

consumer - 7

population - 7

area - 7

econometrically - 7

estimates production - 7

observed productivity - 7

regional economic - 7

tech - 7

industrialized - 7

borrowing - 7

managerial - 7

employment data - 7

turnover - 7

gain - 7

yield - 7

utilization - 7

bankruptcy - 7

quantity - 7

commodity - 7

abatement expenditures - 7

impact - 7

environmental expenditures - 7

polluting industries - 7

diversification - 7

productivity impacts - 6

labor markets - 6

manufacturing plants - 6

union - 6

energy prices - 6

utility - 6

regulation productivity - 6

reallocation productivity - 6

technical - 6

subsidy - 6

reporting - 6

census years - 6

state - 6

security - 6

productivity size - 6

wages production - 6

productivity increases - 6

lender - 6

development - 6

commerce - 6

productivity analysis - 6

endogenous - 6

shift - 6

empirical - 6

employing - 6

textile - 6

innovating - 5

autoregressive - 5

regressors - 5

location - 5

externality - 5

research census - 5

hire - 5

fuel - 5

occupation - 5

elasticity - 5

record - 5

information census - 5

use census - 5

entrepreneurial - 5

acquirer - 5

share - 5

average - 5

supplier - 5

firms census - 5

practices productivity - 5

loan - 5

liquidation - 5

strategic - 5

innovator - 5

productivity firms - 5

wholesale - 5

firms export - 5

fluctuation - 5

hiring - 5

census survey - 5

performance - 5

estimates pollution - 5

restructuring - 5

producing - 5

refinery - 5

costs pollution - 5

competitiveness - 5

industries estimate - 5

plant - 5

plants industries - 5

analysis - 5

employment changes - 5

industry growth - 5

prospect - 4

innovation productivity - 4

patenting - 4

monopolistically - 4

multinational firms - 4

level productivity - 4

sourcing - 4

bias - 4

energy efficiency - 4

renewable - 4

wage growth - 4

tax - 4

yearly - 4

warehousing - 4

businesses census - 4

census use - 4

forecast - 4

venture - 4

wage regressions - 4

regressing - 4

regress - 4

statistician - 4

surveys censuses - 4

bankrupt - 4

lending - 4

bank - 4

collateral - 4

creditor - 4

innovative - 4

retailer - 4

productivity wage - 4

volatility - 4

proprietorship - 4

censuses surveys - 4

good - 4

equilibrium - 4

shipment - 4

partnership - 4

workplace - 4

regional industry - 4

regional industries - 4

recessionary - 4

regulated - 4

employment estimates - 4

city - 4

agricultural - 4

export growth - 4

invention - 3

industry heterogeneity - 3

trademark - 3

marketing - 3

tenure - 3

industry wages - 3

wage changes - 3

wage industries - 3

compensation - 3

industry variation - 3

indicator - 3

geography - 3

network - 3

disclosure - 3

agriculture - 3

rural - 3

irs - 3

executive - 3

entrepreneur - 3

firms grow - 3

trends labor - 3

researcher - 3

industry employment - 3

debtor - 3

credit - 3

banking - 3

declining - 3

substitute - 3

foreign - 3

downturn - 3

fund - 3

generation - 3

census business - 3

trade models - 3

trading - 3

datasets - 3

rent - 3

valuation - 3

contract - 3

asset - 3

increase employment - 3

relocating - 3

classification - 3

ownership - 3

chemical - 3

concentration - 3

housing - 3

residential - 3

resident - 3

consolidated - 3

midwest - 3

locality - 3

study - 3

research - 3

classified - 3

firms employment - 3

industry output - 3

diversified - 3

employment count - 3

inflation - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 238


  • Working Paper

    The Rising Returns to R&D: Ideas Are Not Getting Harder to Find

    May 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-29

    R&D investment has grown robustly, yet aggregate productivity growth has stagnated. Is this because 'ideas are getting harder to find'? This paper uses micro-data from the US Census Bureau to explore the relationship between R&D and productivity in the manufacturing sector from 1976 to 2018. We find that both the elasticity of output (TFP) with respect to R&D and the marginal returns to R&D have risen sharply. Exploring factors affecting returns, we conclude that R&D obsolescence rates must have risen. Using a novel estimation approach, we find consistent evidence of sharply rising technological rivalry. These findings suggest that R&D has become more effective at finding productivity-enhancing ideas but these ideas may also render rivals' technologies obsolete, making innovations more transient.
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  • Working Paper

    The Rise of Industrial AI in America: Microfoundations of the Productivity J-curve(s)

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-27

    We examine the prevalence and productivity dynamics of artificial intelligence (AI) in American manufacturing. Working with the Census Bureau to collect detailed large-scale data for 2017 and 2021, we focus on AI-related technologies with industrial applications. We find causal evidence of J-curve-shaped returns, where short-term performance losses precede longer-term gains. Consistent with costly adjustment taking place within core production processes, industrial AI use increases work-in-progress inventory, investment in industrial robots, and labor shedding, while harming productivity and profitability in the short run. These losses are unevenly distributed, concentrating among older businesses while being mitigated by growth-oriented business strategies and within-firm spillovers. Dynamics, however, matter: earlier (pre-2017) adopters exhibit stronger growth over time, conditional on survival. Notably, among older establishments, abandonment of structured production-management practices accounts for roughly one-third of these losses, revealing a specific channel through which intangible factors shape AI's impact. Taken together, these results provide novel evidence on the microfoundations of technology J-curves, identifying mechanisms and illuminating how and why they differ across firm types. These findings extend our understanding of modern General Purpose Technologies, explaining why their economic impact'exemplified here by AI'may initially disappoint, particularly in contexts dominated by older, established firms.
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  • Working Paper

    The Intangible Divide: Why Do So Few Firms Invest in Innovation?

    February 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-15

    Investments in software, R&D, and advertising have surged, nearing half of U.S. private nonresidential investment. Yet just a few hundred firms dominate this growth. Most firms, including large ones, regularly invest little in capitalized software and R&D, widening this 'intangible divide' despite falling intangible prices. Using comprehensive US Census microdata, we document these patterns and explore factors associated with intangible investment. We find that firms invest significantly less in innovation-related intangibles when their rivals invest more. One firm's investment can obsolesce rivals' investments, reducing returns. This negative pecuniary externality worsens the intangible divide, potentially leading to significant misallocation.
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  • Working Paper

    The Effect of Oil News Shocks on Job Creation and Destruction

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-06

    Using data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and the Census of Manufacturing (CMF), we construct quarterly measures of job creation and destruction by 3-digit NAICS industries spanning from 1980Q3-2016Q4. These long series allow us to address three questions regarding the effect of oil news shocks. What is the average effect of oil news shocks on sectoral labor reallocation? What characteristics explain the observed heterogeneity in the average responses across industries? Has the response of US manufacturing changed over time? We find evidence that oil news shocks exert only a moderate effect on total manufacturing net employment growth but lead to a significant increase in job reallocation. However, we find a high degree of heterogeneity in responses across industries. We then show that the cross-industry variation in the sensitivity of net employment growth and excess job reallocation to oil news shocks is related to differences in energy costs, the rate of energy to capital expenditures, and the share of mature firms in the industry. Finally, we illustrate how the dynamic response of sectoral job creation and destruction to oil news shocks has declined since the mid-2000s.
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  • Working Paper

    Multinational Production and Innovation in Tandem

    October 2024

    Authors: Jin Liu

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-64

    Multinational firms colocate production and innovation by offshoring them to the same host country or region. In this paper, I examine the determinants of multinational firms' production and innovation locations. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variations in tariffs, I find complementarities between production and innovation within host countries and regions. To evaluate manufacturing reshoring policies, I develop a quantitative multicountry offshoring location choice model. I allow for rich colocation benefits and cross-country interdependencies and prove supermodularity of the model to solve this otherwise NP-hard problem. I find the effects of manufacturing reshoring policies are nonlinear, contingent upon firm heterogeneity, and they accumulate dynamically.
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  • Working Paper

    Good Dispersion, Bad Dispersion

    March 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-13

    We document that most dispersion in marginal revenue products of inputs occurs across plants within firms rather than between firms. This is commonly thought to reflect misallocation: dispersion is 'bad.' However, we show that eliminating frictions hampering internal capital markets in a multi-plant firm model may in fact increase productivity dispersion and raise output: dispersion can be 'good.' This arises as firms optimally stagger investment activity across their plants over time to avoid raising costly external finance, instead relying on reallocating internal funds. The staggering in turn generates dispersion in marginal revenue products. We use U.S. Census data on multi-plant manufacturing firms to provide empirical evidence for the model mechanism and show a quantitatively important role for good dispersion. Since there is less scope for good dispersion in emerging economies, the difference in the degree of misallocation between emerging and developed economies looks more pronounced than previously thought.
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  • Working Paper

    Collaborative Micro-productivity Project: Establishment-Level Productivity Dataset, 1972-2020

    December 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-65

    We describe the process for building the Collaborative Micro-productivity Project (CMP) microdata and calculating establishment-level productivity numbers. The documentation is for version 7 and the data cover the years 1972-2020. These data have been used in numerous research papers and are used to create the experimental public-use data product Dispersion Statistics on Productivity (DiSP).
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  • Working Paper

    Outsourcing Dynamism

    December 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-64

    This paper investigates the increasing importance of domestic outsourcing in U.S. manufacturing. Under domestic outsourcing, the agency is the employer of record for temporary workers, though they perform their tasks at the client business' premises. On a yearly basis, one in two manufacturing plants hires at least some of its workers through a temporary help agency. Furthermore, domestic outsourcing is becoming increasingly more important: the average share of revenue spent on such arrangements has gone up by 85 percent since 2006. We develop a methodology to transform reported expenses on temporary and leased workers into plant-level outsourced employment counts, using administrative data on the U.S. manufacturing sector. We find that domestic outsourcing is an important margin of adjustment that plants use to modify their workforce in response to productivity shocks. Plant-level outsourced employment adjusts more quickly and is twice as responsive as payroll employment. These micro implications have significant aggregate consequences. Without taking reallocations in outsourced employment into account, the measured pace at which jobs reallocate across workplaces is underestimated. On average, we omit the equivalent of 15 percent of payroll employment reallocations in each year. However, outsourced employment churns at a much higher rate compared to its payroll counterpart. Therefore, the omission of outsourced reallocations can rationalize 37 percent of the secular decline in the aggregate job reallocation rate. Lastly, the extent of mismeasurement varies with the business cycle; falling in downturns and increasing in upturns implying that the speed of economic recovery is underestimated.
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  • Working Paper

    Temperature and Local Industry Concentration

    October 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-51

    We use plant-level data from the US Census of Manufacturers to study the short and long run effects of temperature on manufacturing activity. We document that temperature shocks significantly increase energy costs and lower the productivity of small manufacturing plants, while large plants are mostly unaffected. In US counties that experienced higher increases in average temperatures between the 1980s and the 2010s, these heterogeneous effects have led to higher concentration of manufacturing activity within large plants, and a reallocation of labor from small to large manufacturing establishments. We offer a preliminary discussion of potential mechanisms explaining why large manufacturing firms might be better equipped for long-run adaptation to climate change, including their ability to hedge across locations, easier access to finance, and higher managerial skills.
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  • Working Paper

    Unionization, Employer Opposition, and Establishment Closure

    July 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-35

    We study the effect of private-sector unionization on establishment employment and survival. Specifically, we analyze National Labor Relations Board union elections from 1981'2005 using administrative Census data. Our empirical strategy extends standard difference-in-differences techniques with regression discontinuity extrapolation methods. This allows us to avoid biases from only comparing close elections and to estimate treatment effects that include larger marginof- victory elections. Using this strategy, we show that unionization decreases an establishment's employment and likelihood of survival, particularly in manufacturing and other blue-collar and industrial sectors. We hypothesize that two reasons for these effects are firms' ability to avoid working with new unions and employers' opposition to unions. We find that the negative effects are significantly larger for elections at multi-establishment firms. Additionally, after a successful union election at one establishment, employment increases at the firms' other establishments. Both pieces of evidence are consistent with firms avoiding new unions by shifting production from unionized establishments to other establishments. Finally, we find larger declines in employment and survival following elections where managers or owners were likely more opposed to the union. This evidence supports new reasons for the negative effects of unionization we document.
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