CREAT: Census Research Exploration and Analysis Tool

Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Total Factor Productivity'

The following papers contain search terms that you selected. From the papers listed below, you can navigate to the PDF, the profile page for that working paper, or see all the working papers written by an author. You can also explore tags, keywords, and authors that occur frequently within these papers.
Click here to search again

Frequently Occurring Concepts within this Search

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 102

Center for Economic Studies - 87

Longitudinal Business Database - 85

Ordinary Least Squares - 76

Census of Manufactures - 73

North American Industry Classification System - 72

Longitudinal Research Database - 67

National Bureau of Economic Research - 66

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 66

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 62

Standard Industrial Classification - 60

National Science Foundation - 54

Cobb-Douglas - 51

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 41

Economic Census - 33

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 32

Federal Reserve Bank - 30

Internal Revenue Service - 26

Special Sworn Status - 25

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 24

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 24

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 23

Employer Identification Numbers - 21

Generalized Method of Moments - 21

TFPQ - 21

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 18

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 17

Federal Reserve System - 16

Business Register - 15

Current Population Survey - 14

New York University - 14

Department of Economics - 14

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 13

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 13

Census Bureau Business Register - 13

University of Chicago - 13

Business Dynamics Statistics - 12

TFPR - 12

Environmental Protection Agency - 12

World Bank - 12

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 12

Federal Trade Commission - 11

Securities and Exchange Commission - 11

American Economic Review - 11

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 10

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 10

Disclosure Review Board - 10

Information and Communication Technology Survey - 10

IQR - 10

Research Data Center - 10

Securities Data Company - 10

Boston College - 9

American Community Survey - 9

Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database - 9

NBER Summer Institute - 9

Center for Research in Security Prices - 9

International Trade Research Report - 8

University of Maryland - 8

Labor Productivity - 8

Kauffman Foundation - 8

National Income and Product Accounts - 8

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 8

Review of Economics and Statistics - 8

Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures - 8

Boston Research Data Center - 8

Permanent Plant Number - 8

Decennial Census - 7

Retirement History Survey - 7

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 7

County Business Patterns - 7

Harmonized System - 7

Fabricated Metal Products - 7

Journal of Economic Literature - 7

Commodity Flow Survey - 7

World Trade Organization - 6

Value Added - 6

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey - 6

Herfindahl-Hirschman - 6

UC Berkeley - 6

Foreign Direct Investment - 6

North American Industry Classi - 6

Duke University - 6

Journal of Political Economy - 6

Journal of Econometrics - 6

Net Present Value - 6

PAOC - 6

COMPUSTAT - 6

Department of Commerce - 6

Administrative Records - 6

Department of Justice - 5

Survey of Industrial Research and Development - 5

Energy Information Administration - 5

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 5

Management and Organizational Practices Survey - 5

Council of Economic Advisers - 5

E32 - 5

Bureau of Labor - 5

American Economic Association - 5

State Energy Data System - 5

University of Michigan - 5

University of California Los Angeles - 5

Journal of Economic Perspectives - 5

North American Free Trade Agreement - 5

European Union - 5

Review of Economic Studies - 5

MIT Press - 5

Department of Homeland Security - 4

Patent and Trademark Office - 4

Princeton University - 4

General Accounting Office - 4

Department of Labor - 4

International Standard Industrial Classification - 4

CDF - 4

Company Organization Survey - 4

Initial Public Offering - 4

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 4

Census of Retail Trade - 4

New York Times - 4

Princeton University Press - 4

Statistics Canada - 4

Board of Governors - 4

Stanford University - 4

2SLS - 4

Cambridge University Press - 4

Journal of International Economics - 4

Core Based Statistical Area - 4

Columbia University - 4

Social Security Administration - 3

Social Security - 3

Business Research and Development and Innovation Survey - 3

Annual Business Survey - 3

Wholesale Trade - 3

Public Administration - 3

National Institute on Aging - 3

Ohio State University - 3

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 3

2010 Census - 3

Wal-Mart - 3

VAR - 3

Establishment Micro Properties - 3

Postal Service - 3

Customs and Border Protection - 3

Harvard University - 3

Business Services - 3

Department of Energy - 3

Cornell University - 3

CAAA - 3

Auxiliary Establishment Survey - 3

Chicago RDC - 3

Heckscher-Ohlin - 3

New England County Metropolitan - 3

production - 103

manufacturing - 69

growth - 66

market - 58

produce - 56

econometric - 53

investment - 52

macroeconomic - 52

expenditure - 46

revenue - 46

sale - 44

industrial - 40

economist - 38

economically - 38

estimating - 37

recession - 36

demand - 35

efficiency - 35

labor - 34

acquisition - 33

productive - 33

gdp - 32

profit - 31

company - 28

productivity growth - 27

sector - 26

estimation - 25

monopolistic - 24

endogeneity - 24

merger - 24

export - 22

depreciation - 22

earnings - 21

spillover - 21

industry productivity - 21

employ - 20

manufacturer - 20

technological - 20

innovation - 20

plant productivity - 20

leverage - 19

firms productivity - 18

profitability - 18

enterprise - 18

exporter - 17

finance - 16

productivity dispersion - 16

regression - 16

productivity plants - 16

incentive - 15

aggregate - 15

productivity measures - 15

econometrician - 15

regulation - 15

organizational - 15

factor productivity - 14

factory - 14

rates productivity - 14

stock - 14

labor productivity - 14

employee - 13

growth productivity - 13

corporate - 13

competitor - 13

quarterly - 13

acquirer - 13

financial - 13

takeover - 12

equity - 12

inventory - 12

consumption - 12

aggregate productivity - 12

employed - 12

cost - 12

multinational - 12

accounting - 12

product - 12

investor - 11

import - 11

technology - 11

patent - 11

entrepreneurship - 11

productivity dynamics - 11

workforce - 11

conglomerate - 11

heterogeneity - 11

gain - 11

endogenous - 11

producing - 11

statistical - 10

measures productivity - 10

employment growth - 10

debt - 10

shareholder - 9

geographically - 9

shock - 9

investing - 9

invest - 9

payroll - 9

industry concentration - 9

regress - 9

exogeneity - 9

tariff - 9

dispersion productivity - 9

estimator - 9

spending - 9

emission - 9

pollution - 9

capital - 9

ownership - 9

exporting - 8

productivity estimates - 8

corporation - 8

firms plants - 8

plants industry - 8

trend - 8

subsidiary - 8

regulatory - 8

epa - 8

environmental - 8

strategic - 8

efficient - 8

plant - 8

profitable - 8

textile - 8

exported - 7

investment productivity - 7

productivity shocks - 7

innovating - 7

wages productivity - 7

plants firms - 7

externality - 7

level productivity - 7

monopolistically - 7

productivity differences - 7

establishment - 7

regulation productivity - 7

econometrically - 7

specialization - 7

manager - 7

yield - 7

estimates productivity - 7

analysis productivity - 7

declining - 7

exogenous - 7

bankruptcy - 7

quantity - 7

pricing - 7

productivity analysis - 7

commodity - 7

pollutant - 7

subsidy - 6

productivity impacts - 6

innovate - 6

city - 6

relocation - 6

plant investment - 6

regional - 6

competitiveness - 6

reallocation productivity - 6

area - 6

entrepreneur - 6

equilibrium - 6

share - 6

regressing - 6

metropolitan - 6

borrowing - 6

price - 6

productivity size - 6

management - 6

productivity increases - 6

bank - 6

liquidation - 6

productivity firms - 6

trading - 6

fluctuation - 6

impact - 6

consumer - 6

financing - 6

performance - 6

diversification - 6

prospect - 5

innovation productivity - 5

innovative - 5

worker - 5

relocate - 5

salary - 5

rent - 5

plant employment - 5

industries estimate - 5

productivity wage - 5

wage growth - 5

estimates production - 5

agriculture - 5

observed productivity - 5

average - 5

technical - 5

larger firms - 5

wholesale - 5

venture - 5

security - 5

capital productivity - 5

recessionary - 5

budget - 5

managerial - 5

lending - 5

loan - 5

lender - 5

creditor - 5

rate - 5

utilization - 5

volatility - 5

mergers acquisitions - 5

restructuring - 5

outsourcing - 5

environmental regulation - 5

costs pollution - 5

pollution abatement - 5

owner - 5

industry variation - 5

refinery - 5

polluting - 5

employment effects - 4

layoff - 4

shipment - 4

regressors - 4

invention - 4

researcher - 4

innovator - 4

patenting - 4

incorporated - 4

oligopolistic - 4

region - 4

manufacturing plants - 4

occupation - 4

country - 4

technology adoption - 4

sectoral - 4

downturn - 4

entrepreneurial - 4

firms grow - 4

decline - 4

collateral - 4

estimates employment - 4

employment dynamics - 4

oligopoly - 4

retailer - 4

bankrupt - 4

debtor - 4

contract - 4

expense - 4

buyer - 4

practices productivity - 4

forecast - 4

asset - 4

report - 4

aggregation - 4

firms export - 4

exporting firms - 4

good - 4

international trade - 4

regulated - 4

abatement expenditures - 4

manufacturing industries - 4

diversify - 4

data - 4

analysis - 4

manufacturing productivity - 3

state - 3

shift - 3

urban - 3

microdata - 3

survey - 3

relocating - 3

bias - 3

disclosure - 3

industry output - 3

labor markets - 3

geography - 3

regional economic - 3

local economic - 3

tech - 3

tax - 3

outsourced - 3

sourcing - 3

industry growth - 3

employment distribution - 3

hire - 3

trends labor - 3

employment production - 3

economic growth - 3

supplier - 3

energy - 3

autoregressive - 3

credit - 3

banking - 3

imputation - 3

inflation - 3

commerce - 3

heterogeneous - 3

hiring - 3

firms trade - 3

proprietor - 3

fund - 3

model - 3

unobserved - 3

development - 3

customer - 3

data census - 3

analyst - 3

agency - 3

respondent - 3

trade models - 3

workplace - 3

valuation - 3

economic census - 3

advantage - 3

diversified - 3

plants industries - 3

measure - 3

study - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 200


  • Working Paper

    Private Equity and Workers: Modeling and Measuring Monopsony, Implicit Contracts, and Efficient Reallocation

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-37

    We measure the real effects of private equity buyouts on worker outcomes by building a new database that links transactions to matched employer-employee data in the United States. To guide our empirical analysis, we derive testable implications from three theories in which private equity managers alter worker outcomes: (1) exertion of monopsony power in concentrated markets, (2) breach of implicit contracts with targeted groups of workers, including managers and top earners, and (3) efficient reallocation of workers across plants. We do not find any evidence that private equity-backed firms vary wages and employment based on local labor market power proxies. Wage losses are also very similar for managers and top earners. Instead, we find strong evidence that private equity managers downsize less productive plants relative to productive plants while simultaneously reallocating high-wage workers to more productive plants. We conclude that post-buyout employment and wage dynamics are consistent with professional investors providing incentives to increase productivity and monitor the companies in which they invest.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Firm Heterogeneity, Misallocation, and Trade

    May 2025

    Authors: John Chung

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-33

    To what extent do domestic distortions influence the gains from trade? Using data from Chinese manufacturing surveys and U.S. census records, I document two novel stylized facts: (1) Larger producers in China exhibit lower revenue productivity, whereas larger producers in the U.S. exhibit higher revenue productivity. (2) Larger exporters in China exhibit lower export intensity, whereas larger exporters in the U.S. exhibit higher export intensity. A model of heterogeneous producers shows that only the U.S. patterns are consistent with an efficient allocation. To reconcile the observed patterns in China, I introduce producer- and destination-specific subsidies and estimate the model without imposing functional form assumptions on the joint distribution of productivity and subsidy rates. Accounting for distortions in China leads to substantially smaller estimated gains from trade.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    The Rising Returns to R&D: Ideas Are Not Getting Harder to Find

    May 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-29

    R&D investment has grown robustly, yet aggregate productivity growth has stagnated. Is this because 'ideas are getting harder to find'? This paper uses micro-data from the US Census Bureau to explore the relationship between R&D and productivity in the manufacturing sector from 1976 to 2018. We find that both the elasticity of output (TFP) with respect to R&D and the marginal returns to R&D have risen sharply. Exploring factors affecting returns, we conclude that R&D obsolescence rates must have risen. Using a novel estimation approach, we find consistent evidence of sharply rising technological rivalry. These findings suggest that R&D has become more effective at finding productivity-enhancing ideas but these ideas may also render rivals' technologies obsolete, making innovations more transient.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    The Rise of Industrial AI in America: Microfoundations of the Productivity J-curve(s)

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-27

    We examine the prevalence and productivity dynamics of artificial intelligence (AI) in American manufacturing. Working with the Census Bureau to collect detailed large-scale data for 2017 and 2021, we focus on AI-related technologies with industrial applications. We find causal evidence of J-curve-shaped returns, where short-term performance losses precede longer-term gains. Consistent with costly adjustment taking place within core production processes, industrial AI use increases work-in-progress inventory, investment in industrial robots, and labor shedding, while harming productivity and profitability in the short run. These losses are unevenly distributed, concentrating among older businesses while being mitigated by growth-oriented business strategies and within-firm spillovers. Dynamics, however, matter: earlier (pre-2017) adopters exhibit stronger growth over time, conditional on survival. Notably, among older establishments, abandonment of structured production-management practices accounts for roughly one-third of these losses, revealing a specific channel through which intangible factors shape AI's impact. Taken together, these results provide novel evidence on the microfoundations of technology J-curves, identifying mechanisms and illuminating how and why they differ across firm types. These findings extend our understanding of modern General Purpose Technologies, explaining why their economic impact'exemplified here by AI'may initially disappoint, particularly in contexts dominated by older, established firms.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Growth is Getting Harder to Find, Not Ideas

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-21

    Relatively flat US output growth versus rising numbers of US researchers is often interpreted as evidence that "ideas are getting harder to find." We build a new 46-year panel tracking the universe of U.S. firms' patenting to investigate the micro underpinnings of this claim, separately examining the relationships between research inputs and ideas (patents) versus ideas and growth. Over our sample period, we find that researchers' patenting productivity is increasing, there is little evidence of any secular decline in high-quality patenting common to all firms, and the link between patents and growth is present, differs by type of idea, and is fairly stable. On the other hand, we find strong evidence of secular decreases in output unrelated to patenting, suggesting an important role for other factors. Together, these results invite renewed empirical and theoretical attention to the impact of ideas on growth. To that end, our patent-firm bridge, which will be available to researchers with approved access, is used to produce new, public-use statistics on the Business Dynamics of Patenting Firms (BDS-PF).
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Contrasting the Local and National Demographic Incidence of Local Labor Demand Shocks

    July 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-36

    This paper examines how spatial frictions that differ among heterogeneous workers and establishments shape the geographic and demographic incidence of alternative local labor demand shocks, with implications for the appropriate level of government at which to fund local economic initiatives. LEHD data featuring millions of job transitions facilitate estimation of a rich two-sided labor market assignment model. The model generates simulated forecasts of many alternative local demand shocks featuring different establishment compositions and local areas. Workers within 10 miles receive only 11.2% (6.6%) of nationwide welfare (employment) short-run gains, with at least 35.9% (62.0%) accruing to out-of-state workers, despite much larger per-worker impacts for the closest workers. Local incidence by demographic category is very sensitive to shock composition, but different shocks produce similar demographic incidence farther from the shock. Furthermore, the remaining heterogeneity in incidence at the state or national level can reverse patterns of heterogeneous demographic impacts at the local level. Overall, the results suggest that reduced-form approaches using distant locations as controls can produce accurate estimates of local shock impacts on local workers, but that the distribution of local impacts badly approximates shocks' statewide or national incidence.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Good Dispersion, Bad Dispersion

    March 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-13

    We document that most dispersion in marginal revenue products of inputs occurs across plants within firms rather than between firms. This is commonly thought to reflect misallocation: dispersion is 'bad.' However, we show that eliminating frictions hampering internal capital markets in a multi-plant firm model may in fact increase productivity dispersion and raise output: dispersion can be 'good.' This arises as firms optimally stagger investment activity across their plants over time to avoid raising costly external finance, instead relying on reallocating internal funds. The staggering in turn generates dispersion in marginal revenue products. We use U.S. Census data on multi-plant manufacturing firms to provide empirical evidence for the model mechanism and show a quantitatively important role for good dispersion. Since there is less scope for good dispersion in emerging economies, the difference in the degree of misallocation between emerging and developed economies looks more pronounced than previously thought.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Collaborative Micro-productivity Project: Establishment-Level Productivity Dataset, 1972-2020

    December 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-65

    We describe the process for building the Collaborative Micro-productivity Project (CMP) microdata and calculating establishment-level productivity numbers. The documentation is for version 7 and the data cover the years 1972-2020. These data have been used in numerous research papers and are used to create the experimental public-use data product Dispersion Statistics on Productivity (DiSP).
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Output Market Power and Spatial Misallocation

    November 2023

    Authors: Santiago Franco

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-57

    Most product industries are local. In the U.S., firms selling goods and services to local consumers account for half of total sales and generate more than sixty percent of the nation's jobs. Competition in these industries occurs in local product markets: cities. I propose a theory of such competition in which firms have output market power. Spatial differences in local competition arise endogenously due to the spatial sorting of heterogeneous firms. The ability to charge higher markups induces more productive firms to overvalue locating in larger cities, leading to a misallocation of firms across space. The optimal policy incen tivizes productive firms to relocate to smaller cities, providing a rationale for commonly used place-based policies. I use U.S. Census establishment-level data to estimate markups and to structurally estimate the model. I document a significant heterogeneity in markups for local industries across U.S. cities. Cities in the top decile of the city-size distribution have a fifty percent lower markup than cities in the bottom decile. I use the estimated model to quantify the general equilibrium effects of place-based policies. Policies that remove markups and relocate firms to smaller cities yield sizable aggregate welfare gains.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Temperature and Local Industry Concentration

    October 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-51

    We use plant-level data from the US Census of Manufacturers to study the short and long run effects of temperature on manufacturing activity. We document that temperature shocks significantly increase energy costs and lower the productivity of small manufacturing plants, while large plants are mostly unaffected. In US counties that experienced higher increases in average temperatures between the 1980s and the 2010s, these heterogeneous effects have led to higher concentration of manufacturing activity within large plants, and a reallocation of labor from small to large manufacturing establishments. We offer a preliminary discussion of potential mechanisms explaining why large manufacturing firms might be better equipped for long-run adaptation to climate change, including their ability to hedge across locations, easier access to finance, and higher managerial skills.
    View Full Paper PDF