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Papers Containing Keywords(s): 'employ'

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Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 122

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 94

Current Population Survey - 85

Longitudinal Business Database - 84

North American Industry Classification System - 79

Center for Economic Studies - 74

National Science Foundation - 66

Internal Revenue Service - 64

Standard Industrial Classification - 63

Ordinary Least Squares - 62

Employer Identification Numbers - 56

American Community Survey - 55

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 54

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 54

Social Security Administration - 47

Decennial Census - 44

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 42

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 41

National Bureau of Economic Research - 38

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 34

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 34

Census of Manufactures - 32

Social Security - 32

Business Register - 32

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 32

Disclosure Review Board - 31

Unemployment Insurance - 29

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 29

Protected Identification Key - 28

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 28

Federal Reserve Bank - 27

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 27

International Trade Research Report - 26

Social Security Number - 25

Cornell University - 24

Longitudinal Research Database - 22

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 22

Department of Labor - 22

Census Bureau Business Register - 21

Total Factor Productivity - 20

Economic Census - 20

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 20

LEHD Program - 20

Individual Characteristics File - 19

University of Chicago - 19

Special Sworn Status - 18

Research Data Center - 18

Local Employment Dynamics - 18

County Business Patterns - 17

W-2 - 17

National Institute on Aging - 17

PSID - 17

AKM - 16

Business Dynamics Statistics - 16

Federal Reserve System - 15

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 15

University of Maryland - 13

Employment History File - 13

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 12

Employer-Household Dynamics - 12

Employer Characteristics File - 12

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 12

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 12

American Economic Review - 12

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 11

Occupational Employment Statistics - 11

Retail Trade - 11

Business Register Bridge - 11

2010 Census - 11

Successor Predecessor File - 10

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 10

Journal of Labor Economics - 10

Core Based Statistical Area - 10

Journal of Economic Literature - 10

Technical Services - 9

National Employer Survey - 9

NBER Summer Institute - 9

Census Numident - 9

Business Employment Dynamics - 9

Wholesale Trade - 9

Russell Sage Foundation - 9

Board of Governors - 9

Department of Homeland Security - 9

Office of Personnel Management - 9

Standard Occupational Classification - 8

Sloan Foundation - 8

Person Validation System - 8

Columbia University - 8

American Economic Association - 8

Kauffman Foundation - 8

Department of Defense - 8

Sample Edited Detail File - 8

Accommodation and Food Services - 7

Nonemployer Statistics - 7

National Center for Health Statistics - 7

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 7

Department of Economics - 7

Office of Management and Budget - 7

Business Services - 7

Labor Turnover Survey - 7

JOLTS - 7

National Income and Product Accounts - 7

Service Annual Survey - 7

Master Address File - 7

North American Industry Classi - 7

Census Bureau Business Dynamics Statistics - 7

Journal of Political Economy - 7

1940 Census - 7

Small Business Administration - 6

Integrated Longitudinal Business Database - 6

Survey of Business Owners - 6

Health Care and Social Assistance - 6

Agriculture, Forestry - 6

Urban Institute - 6

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series - 6

National Establishment Time Series - 6

Geographic Information Systems - 6

Bureau of Labor - 6

IZA - 6

Society of Labor Economists - 6

Composite Person Record - 6

Department of Health and Human Services - 6

Detailed Earnings Records - 6

University of Michigan - 6

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 6

Current Employment Statistics - 6

New York Times - 6

BLS Handbook of Methods - 6

Characteristics of Business Owners - 6

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas - 6

Permanent Plant Number - 6

WECD - 6

Project on Impact Investments - 5

Educational Services - 5

Arts, Entertainment - 5

Professional Services - 5

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 5

New York University - 5

Department of Housing and Urban Development - 5

Ohio State University - 5

MIT Press - 5

Center for Research in Security Prices - 5

Public Administration - 5

Council of Economic Advisers - 5

Company Organization Survey - 5

Harvard University - 5

Review of Economics and Statistics - 5

Business Master File - 5

American Housing Survey - 5

Labor Productivity - 5

American Statistical Association - 5

Duke University - 5

Postal Service - 5

Generalized Method of Moments - 5

Public Use Micro Sample - 5

CDF - 5

Department of Commerce - 5

Annual Business Survey - 4

Department of Education - 4

University of Toronto - 4

Stanford University - 4

COVID-19 - 4

Harmonized System - 4

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation - 4

World Trade Organization - 4

Social Security Disability Insurance - 4

Princeton University - 4

Cobb-Douglas - 4

Indian Health Service - 4

National Institutes of Health - 4

Patent and Trademark Office - 4

Retirement History Survey - 4

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 4

Federal Tax Information - 4

IQR - 4

North American Free Trade Agreement - 4

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 4

Center for Administrative Records Research - 4

Personally Identifiable Information - 4

Federal Reserve Board of Governors - 4

Pew Research Center - 4

Housing and Urban Development - 4

ASEC - 4

Census 2000 - 4

Initial Public Offering - 4

University of California Los Angeles - 4

SSA Numident - 4

Journal of Economic Perspectives - 4

Social and Economic Supplement - 4

Department of Agriculture - 4

Journal of Econometrics - 4

Heckscher-Ohlin - 4

Federal Trade Commission - 3

Department of Justice - 3

Boston College - 3

VAR - 3

Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database - 3

Kauffman Firm Survey - 3

Person Identification Validation System - 3

Securities and Exchange Commission - 3

Probability Density Function - 3

Data Management System - 3

Federal Insurance Contribution Act - 3

Journal of Human Resources - 3

Disability Insurance - 3

2SLS - 3

UC Berkeley - 3

American Immigration Council - 3

Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement - 3

HHS - 3

Census Industry Code - 3

Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago - 3

Supreme Court - 3

World Bank - 3

Census of Services - 3

Boston Research Data Center - 3

Cambridge University Press - 3

Survey of Manufacturing Technology - 3

employed - 149

labor - 134

workforce - 133

employee - 105

worker - 73

earnings - 69

recession - 65

payroll - 62

job - 50

hiring - 49

salary - 45

economist - 44

econometric - 41

occupation - 36

unemployed - 35

employment growth - 34

hire - 34

earner - 33

endogeneity - 33

employment dynamics - 33

entrepreneurship - 32

workplace - 32

earn - 31

heterogeneity - 30

industrial - 30

quarterly - 29

employing - 29

growth - 28

establishment - 28

tenure - 28

survey - 26

macroeconomic - 25

estimating - 25

layoff - 24

employment statistics - 24

shift - 24

manufacturing - 24

census employment - 24

entrepreneur - 23

longitudinal - 22

sector - 21

metropolitan - 20

labor statistics - 20

entrepreneurial - 19

venture - 18

turnover - 18

incentive - 17

labor markets - 17

longitudinal employer - 17

market - 16

employment estimates - 16

production - 16

employment wages - 15

proprietorship - 14

bias - 14

economically - 14

discrimination - 14

employee data - 14

census bureau - 14

enterprise - 13

organizational - 13

employment data - 13

gdp - 13

immigrant - 13

econometrician - 13

ethnicity - 13

estimates employment - 13

expenditure - 12

trend - 12

employment trends - 12

compensation - 12

unemployment rates - 12

rent - 12

opportunity - 12

employment count - 12

employer household - 12

relocation - 11

work census - 11

workers earnings - 11

wage growth - 11

retirement - 11

agency - 11

estimation - 11

segregation - 11

mobility - 11

aging - 11

acquisition - 10

proprietor - 10

spillover - 10

trends employment - 10

specialization - 10

export - 10

hispanic - 10

migrant - 10

housing - 10

resident - 10

worker wages - 10

immigration - 10

minority - 10

ethnic - 10

manager - 10

report - 10

wage data - 10

industry employment - 10

union - 10

statistical - 10

employment effects - 9

company - 9

endogenous - 9

demand - 9

industry wages - 9

insurance - 9

residential - 9

residence - 9

state - 9

employment earnings - 9

matching - 9

finance - 9

effect wages - 9

employment unemployment - 9

recessionary - 9

employment changes - 9

research census - 9

economic census - 9

unobserved - 8

relocate - 8

worker demographics - 8

employment production - 8

woman - 8

geographically - 8

neighborhood - 8

productivity growth - 8

technological - 8

earnings growth - 8

regress - 8

earnings workers - 8

educated - 8

earnings employees - 8

wage industries - 8

workforce indicators - 8

revenue - 8

respondent - 8

disadvantaged - 8

wages employment - 8

investment - 7

profit - 7

exogeneity - 7

decade - 7

job growth - 7

city - 7

increase employment - 7

impact employment - 7

innovation - 7

sale - 7

associate - 7

wage changes - 7

accounting - 7

aggregate - 7

employment measures - 7

recession employment - 7

effects employment - 7

poverty - 7

state employment - 7

population - 7

wage regressions - 7

data census - 7

clerical - 7

labor productivity - 7

startup - 6

socioeconomic - 6

employment distribution - 6

growth employment - 6

employment entrepreneurship - 6

migrate - 6

migration - 6

decline - 6

immigrant workers - 6

career - 6

prospect - 6

coverage - 6

wage earnings - 6

racial - 6

earnings inequality - 6

pension - 6

microdata - 6

efficiency - 6

unemployment insurance - 6

wage differences - 6

rural - 6

wage variation - 6

merger - 6

census data - 6

department - 6

data - 6

restructuring - 6

startups employees - 5

enrollment - 5

import - 5

exporter - 5

ownership - 5

declining - 5

wealth - 5

home - 5

insured - 5

graduate - 5

refugee - 5

regressing - 5

moving - 5

debt - 5

race - 5

federal - 5

productivity wage - 5

medicaid - 5

filing - 5

econometrically - 5

firms grow - 5

firm dynamics - 5

firms employment - 5

native - 5

firms young - 5

measures employment - 5

regional - 5

wages production - 5

employment recession - 5

bankruptcy - 5

heterogeneous - 5

relocating - 5

financial - 5

mexican - 5

employment flows - 5

factory - 5

white - 5

monopolistic - 4

disparity - 4

benefit - 4

autoregressive - 4

shock - 4

international trade - 4

multinational - 4

migrating - 4

nonemployer businesses - 4

urban - 4

growth productivity - 4

transition - 4

impact - 4

insurance employer - 4

analysis - 4

analyst - 4

statistician - 4

irs - 4

financing - 4

executive - 4

productive - 4

saving - 4

model - 4

coverage employer - 4

disability - 4

welfare - 4

wage effects - 4

founder - 4

younger firms - 4

earnings age - 4

record - 4

citizen - 4

regression - 4

startup firms - 4

census research - 4

censuses surveys - 4

leverage - 4

wages productivity - 4

discrepancy - 4

inference - 4

sociology - 4

corporate - 4

discriminatory - 4

segregated - 4

black - 4

technology - 4

takeover - 3

wholesale - 3

employees startups - 3

subsidy - 3

industry heterogeneity - 3

exporting - 3

exporters multinationals - 3

warehousing - 3

outsourced - 3

renter - 3

town - 3

suburb - 3

tax - 3

commute - 3

researcher - 3

funding - 3

firms census - 3

industry concentration - 3

medicare - 3

healthcare - 3

health insurance - 3

insurance premiums - 3

estimator - 3

women earnings - 3

managerial - 3

measures productivity - 3

industry variation - 3

ssa - 3

area - 3

volatility - 3

imputation - 3

gain - 3

profitability - 3

trends labor - 3

census file - 3

geographic - 3

information census - 3

household surveys - 3

use census - 3

fiscal - 3

trade models - 3

firms plants - 3

capital - 3

network - 3

matched - 3

immigrant population - 3

produce - 3

plant employment - 3

firm growth - 3

characteristics businesses - 3

owned businesses - 3

tech - 3

owner - 3

plants industry - 3

factor productivity - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 241


  • Working Paper

    Private Equity and Workers: Modeling and Measuring Monopsony, Implicit Contracts, and Efficient Reallocation

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-37

    We measure the real effects of private equity buyouts on worker outcomes by building a new database that links transactions to matched employer-employee data in the United States. To guide our empirical analysis, we derive testable implications from three theories in which private equity managers alter worker outcomes: (1) exertion of monopsony power in concentrated markets, (2) breach of implicit contracts with targeted groups of workers, including managers and top earners, and (3) efficient reallocation of workers across plants. We do not find any evidence that private equity-backed firms vary wages and employment based on local labor market power proxies. Wage losses are also very similar for managers and top earners. Instead, we find strong evidence that private equity managers downsize less productive plants relative to productive plants while simultaneously reallocating high-wage workers to more productive plants. We conclude that post-buyout employment and wage dynamics are consistent with professional investors providing incentives to increase productivity and monitor the companies in which they invest.
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  • Working Paper

    Startup Dynamics: Transitioning from Nonemployer Firms to Employer Firms, Survival, and Job Creation

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-26

    Understanding the dynamics of startup businesses' growth, exit, and survival is crucial for fostering entrepreneurship. Among the nearly 30 million registered businesses in the United States, fewer than six million have employees beyond the business owners. This research addresses the gap in understanding which companies transition to employer businesses and the mechanisms behind this process. Job creation remains a critical concern for policymakers, researchers, and advocacy groups. This study aims to illuminate the transition from non-employer businesses to employer businesses and explore job creation by new startups. Leveraging newly available microdata from the U.S. Census Bureau, we seek to gain deeper insights into firm survival, job creation by startups, and the transition from non-employer to employer status.
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  • Working Paper

    The Impact of Childcare Costs on Mothers' Labor Force Participation

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-25

    The rising costs of childcare pose challenges for families, leading to difficult choices including those impacting mothers' labor force participation. This paper investigates the relationship between childcare costs and maternal employment. Using data from the National Database of Childcare Prices, the American Community Survey, and the Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics, we estimate the impact of childcare costs on mothers' labor force participation through two empirical strategies. A fixed-effects approach controls for geographic and temporal heterogeneity in costs as well as mothers' idiosyncratic preferences for work and childcare, while an instrumental variables approach addresses the endogeneity of mothers' preferences for work and childcare by leveraging exogenous geographic and temporal variation in childcare licensing requirements. Our findings across both research designs indicate that higher childcare costs reduce labor force participation among mothers, with lower-income mothers exhibiting greater responsiveness to changes in childcare costs.
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  • Working Paper

    Size Matters: Matching Externalities and the Advantages of Large Labor Markets

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-22

    Economists have long hypothesized that large and thick labor markets facilitate the matching between workers and firms. We use administrative data from the LEHD to compare the job search outcomes of workers originally in large and small markets who lost their jobs due to a firm closure. We define a labor market as the Commuting Zone'industry pair in the quarter before the closure. To account for the possible sorting of high-quality workers into larger markets, the effect of market size is identified by comparing workers in large and small markets within the same CZ, conditional on workers fixed effects. In the six quarters before their firm's closure, workers in small and large markets have a similar probability of employment and quarterly earnings. Following the closure, workers in larger markets experience significantly shorter non-employment spells and smaller earning losses than workers in smaller markets, indicating that larger markets partially insure workers against idiosyncratic employment shocks. A 1 percent increase in market size results in a 0.015 and 0.023 percentage points increase in the 1-year re-employment probability of high school and college graduates, respectively. Displaced workers in larger markets also experience a significantly lower need for relocation to a different CZ. Conditional on finding a new job, the quality of the new worker-firm match is higher in larger markets, as proxied by a higher probability that the new match lasts more than one year; the new industry is the same as the old one; and the new industry is a 'good fit' for the worker's college major. Consistent with the notion that market size should be particularly consequential for more specialized workers, we find that the effects are larger in industries where human capital is more specialized and less portable. Our findings may help explain the geographical agglomeration of industries'especially those that make intensive use of highly specialized workers'and validate one of the mechanisms that urban economists have proposed for the existence of agglomeration economies.
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  • Working Paper

    The Composition of Firm Workforces from 2006'2022: Findings from the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital Experimental Product

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-20

    We introduce the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital (BDS-HC) tables, a new Census Bureau experimental product that provides public-use statistics on the workforce composition of firms and its relationship to business dynamics. We use administrative W-2 filings to combine population-level worker demographic data with longitudinal business data to estimate the demographic and educational composition of nearly all non-farm employer businesses in the United States between 2006 and 2022. We use this newly constructed data to document the evolution of employment, entry, and exit of employers based on their workforce compositions. We also provide new statistics on the interaction between firm and worker characteristics, including the composition of workers at startup firms. We find substantial changes between 2006 and 2022 in the distribution of employers along several dimensions, primarily driven by changing workforce compositions within continuing firms rather than the reallocation of employment between firms. We also highlight systematic differences in the business dynamics of firms by their workforce compositions, suggesting that different groups of workers face different economic environments due to their employers.
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  • Working Paper

    Work Organization and Cumulative Advantage

    March 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-18

    Over decades of wage stagnation, researchers have argued that reorganizing work can boost pay for disadvantaged workers. But upgrading jobs could inadvertently shift hiring away from those workers, exacerbating their disadvantage. We theorize how work organization affects cumulative advantage in the labor market, or the extent to which high-paying positions are increasingly allocated to already-advantaged workers. Specifically, raising technical skill demands exacerbates cumulative advantage by shifting hiring towards higher-skilled applicants. In contrast, when employers increase autonomy or skills learned on-the-job, they raise wages to buy worker consent or commitment, rather than pre-existing skill. To test this idea, we match administrative earnings to task descriptions from job posts. We compare earnings for workers hired into the same occupation and firm, but under different task allocations. When employers raise complexity and autonomy, new hires' starting earnings increase and grow faster. However, while the earnings boost from complex, technical tasks shifts employment toward workers with higher prior earnings, worker selection changes less for tasks learned on-the-job and very little for high autonomy tasks. These results demonstrate how reorganizing work can interrupt cumulative advantage.
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  • Working Paper

    The Effect of Oil News Shocks on Job Creation and Destruction

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-06

    Using data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and the Census of Manufacturing (CMF), we construct quarterly measures of job creation and destruction by 3-digit NAICS industries spanning from 1980Q3-2016Q4. These long series allow us to address three questions regarding the effect of oil news shocks. What is the average effect of oil news shocks on sectoral labor reallocation? What characteristics explain the observed heterogeneity in the average responses across industries? Has the response of US manufacturing changed over time? We find evidence that oil news shocks exert only a moderate effect on total manufacturing net employment growth but lead to a significant increase in job reallocation. However, we find a high degree of heterogeneity in responses across industries. We then show that the cross-industry variation in the sensitivity of net employment growth and excess job reallocation to oil news shocks is related to differences in energy costs, the rate of energy to capital expenditures, and the share of mature firms in the industry. Finally, we illustrate how the dynamic response of sectoral job creation and destruction to oil news shocks has declined since the mid-2000s.
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  • Working Paper

    Exploring the Hiring, Pay, and Trading Patterns of U.S. Firms: The Dominance of Multinationals Engaged in Related-Party Trade

    December 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-77

    We link U.S. job records with both firm-level business register and customs records to construct a novel set of summary statistics and descriptive regressions that highlight the central role played by the small set of multinational firms (denoted RP XM firms) who engage in both importing and exporting with related parties in translating international trade shocks to shifts in labor demand. We find that RP XM firms 1) dominate trade volumes; 2) account for very disproportionate shares of national employment and payroll; 3) employ greater shares of workers in higher pay deciles; 4) disproportionately poach other firms' high paid workers; 5) offer higher raises to their existing workers. These hiring and pay patterns generally exist even among new RP XM firms, but strengthen with RP XM tenure, and continue to hold, albeit at smaller magnitudes, after conditioning on standard proxies for firm and worker productivity. Taken together, these findings reveal that RP XM status is a reliable proxy for the kind of firm that drives the initial labor market impacts of trade shocks, and that high paid workers are likely to be most directly exposed to such shocks.
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  • Working Paper

    The Metamorphosis of Women Business Owners: A Focus on Age

    November 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-71

    Due to their growth, increasing performance, and significant contributions to the United States economy, women-owned businesses have spurred the interest of policymakers, researchers, and advocacy groups. Using various data products from the Census Bureau's Business Demographics Program, this study examines how women business ownership changes over time by age. We find that young owners experienced growth in ownership between 2012 and 2020 and that younger employer businesses were mostly owned by women under the age of 35 in 2021. We show that among women aged 45 to 54 and those aged 55 to 64 ownership rates declined 5.5% and 4.8% between 2012 and 2020, implying an acceleration in the drop out of entrepreneurship for mid to late career age groups. We also show that older owners operate most businesses in capital-intensive industries, had more prior businesses, and higher rates of selling their most recently started businesses. Finally, we find that age groups often characterized as childbearing ages found balancing work and family as key drivers of their decision to start a business.
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  • Working Paper

    The China Shock Revisited: Job Reallocation and Industry Switching in U.S. Labor Markets

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-65

    Using confidential administrative data from the U.S. Census Bureau we revisit how the rise in Chinese import penetration has reshaped U.S. local labor markets. Local labor markets more exposed to the China shock experienced larger reallocation from manufacturing to services jobs. Most of this reallocation occurred within firms that simultaneously contracted manufacturing operations while expanding employment in services. Notably, about 40% of the manufacturing job loss effect is due to continuing establishments switching their primary activity from manufacturing to trade-related services such as research, management, and wholesale. The effects of Chinese import penetration vary by local labor market characteristics. In areas with high human capital, including much of the West Coast and large cities, job reallocation from manufacturing to services has been substantial. In areas with low human capital and a high initial manufacturing share, including much of the Midwest and the South, we find limited job reallocation. We estimate this differential response to the China shock accounts for half of the 1997-2007 job growth gap between these regions.
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