CREAT: Census Research Exploration and Analysis Tool

Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Social Security'

The following papers contain search terms that you selected. From the papers listed below, you can navigate to the PDF, the profile page for that working paper, or see all the working papers written by an author. You can also explore tags, keywords, and authors that occur frequently within these papers.
Click here to search again

Frequently Occurring Concepts within this Search

Internal Revenue Service - 79

Social Security Administration - 74

Current Population Survey - 74

Protected Identification Key - 63

American Community Survey - 60

Social Security Number - 58

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 52

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 48

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 38

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 35

Person Validation System - 33

W-2 - 31

Employer Identification Numbers - 30

National Science Foundation - 29

North American Industry Classification System - 28

Center for Economic Studies - 26

Decennial Census - 24

Longitudinal Business Database - 24

Disclosure Review Board - 24

Ordinary Least Squares - 22

2010 Census - 21

Person Identification Validation System - 19

Business Register - 19

PSID - 18

Office of Management and Budget - 18

Detailed Earnings Records - 18

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 17

Department of Housing and Urban Development - 17

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 16

Census Numident - 16

Disability Insurance - 16

Research Data Center - 16

Personally Identifiable Information - 15

Service Annual Survey - 15

Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers - 15

Master Address File - 15

County Business Patterns - 15

Federal Reserve Bank - 14

Earned Income Tax Credit - 14

Economic Census - 14

Census Bureau Business Register - 14

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - 14

National Bureau of Economic Research - 13

Housing and Urban Development - 13

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program - 13

Master Beneficiary Record - 13

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 12

ASEC - 12

Federal Insurance Contribution Act - 12

Medicaid Services - 12

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 12

Cornell University - 12

Adjusted Gross Income - 11

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 11

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 11

Standard Industrial Classification - 11

Department of Labor - 10

Social and Economic Supplement - 10

Unemployment Insurance - 10

SSA Numident - 10

1940 Census - 10

Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement - 10

Computer Assisted Personal Interview - 10

National Institute on Aging - 10

Special Sworn Status - 9

University of Maryland - 9

Social Security Disability Insurance - 9

Centers for Medicare - 9

Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications - 9

Census Household Composition Key - 9

Master Earnings File - 9

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 9

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 9

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 9

Summary Earnings Records - 9

Census Bureau Person Identification Validation System - 8

Census Bureau Master Address File - 8

Administrative Records - 8

American Housing Survey - 8

NUMIDENT - 8

University of Chicago - 8

Indian Health Service - 8

LEHD Program - 8

Department of Homeland Security - 7

Citizenship and Immigration Services - 7

Health and Retirement Study - 7

CPS ASEC - 7

Urban Institute - 7

Social Science Research Institute - 7

Indian Housing Information Center - 7

Postal Service - 7

Some Other Race - 7

Department of Economics - 6

National Center for Health Statistics - 6

Survey of Consumer Finances - 6

Data Management System - 6

Harvard University - 6

American Economic Association - 6

Department of Health and Human Services - 6

Office of Personnel Management - 6

Small Business Administration - 6

Characteristics of Business Owners - 6

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 6

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 5

Individual Characteristics File - 5

General Accounting Office - 5

Federal Reserve System - 5

National Institutes of Health - 5

Survey of Business Owners - 5

Business Dynamics Statistics - 5

Census of Manufactures - 5

Department of Justice - 5

Boston College - 5

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 5

International Trade Research Report - 5

MAFID - 5

NBER Summer Institute - 5

National Income and Product Accounts - 5

Supreme Court - 5

Census Edited File - 5

Department of Defense - 5

Employer Characteristics File - 5

Census 2000 - 5

Retail Trade - 5

American Economic Review - 5

Bureau of Labor - 5

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 5

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 5

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 5

Technical Services - 4

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 4

Federal Tax Information - 4

Department of Agriculture - 4

Federal Poverty Level - 4

Center for Administrative Records Research - 4

Accommodation and Food Services - 4

MAF-ARF - 4

Sloan Foundation - 4

Occupational Employment Statistics - 4

Core Based Statistical Area - 4

Department of Commerce - 4

Russell Sage Foundation - 4

HHS - 4

National Health Interview Survey - 4

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 4

2SLS - 4

Wholesale Trade - 4

Review of Economics and Statistics - 4

Business Master File - 4

Permanent Plant Number - 4

Boston Research Data Center - 4

Department of Education - 3

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series - 3

Code of Federal Regulations - 3

Consumer Expenditure Survey - 3

Opportunity Atlas - 3

Survey of Industrial Research and Development - 3

Business R&D and Innovation Survey - 3

Total Factor Productivity - 3

Standard Occupational Classification - 3

Successor Predecessor File - 3

Stanford University - 3

Economic Research Service - 3

Arts, Entertainment - 3

Composite Person Record - 3

Society of Labor Economists - 3

Journal of Economic Literature - 3

University of Michigan - 3

Brookings Institution - 3

New York University - 3

COVID-19 - 3

Customs and Border Protection - 3

Patent and Trademark Office - 3

PIKed - 3

Council of Economic Advisers - 3

National Employer Survey - 3

UC Berkeley - 3

Educational Services - 3

Agriculture, Forestry - 3

Journal of Labor Economics - 3

Employment History File - 3

Business Employment Dynamics - 3

Local Employment Dynamics - 3

National Opinion Research Center - 3

Stern School of Business - 3

Securities and Exchange Commission - 3

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 3

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 3

Journal of Human Resources - 3

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 3

Kauffman Foundation - 3

Public Use Micro Sample - 3

survey - 41

earnings - 41

respondent - 36

employed - 36

population - 32

employ - 32

labor - 30

recession - 28

earner - 26

workforce - 24

salary - 21

employee - 21

payroll - 21

ssa - 20

unemployed - 20

ethnicity - 19

poverty - 19

irs - 19

economist - 18

medicaid - 18

tax - 18

enrollment - 17

hispanic - 17

retirement - 17

welfare - 17

family - 16

census data - 16

census bureau - 15

disparity - 15

data - 15

estimating - 14

socioeconomic - 14

coverage - 13

minority - 13

immigrant - 13

data census - 13

taxpayer - 13

revenue - 13

agency - 13

worker - 13

earn - 13

disadvantaged - 12

insurance - 12

racial - 12

race - 12

entrepreneur - 12

resident - 12

eligible - 11

eligibility - 11

disability - 11

survey income - 11

incentive - 11

1040 - 11

citizen - 11

imputation - 11

econometric - 11

intergenerational - 10

ethnic - 10

benefit - 10

datasets - 10

expenditure - 10

percentile - 10

pension - 10

census responses - 10

record - 10

enterprise - 10

statistical - 9

entrepreneurship - 9

assessed - 9

federal - 9

microdata - 9

medicare - 9

immigration - 9

heterogeneity - 9

filing - 9

quarterly - 9

proprietor - 9

state - 8

venture - 8

income data - 8

endogeneity - 8

employment wages - 8

employment earnings - 8

segregation - 8

black - 8

trend - 8

job - 8

statistician - 8

employment statistics - 8

proprietorship - 8

generation - 7

residence - 7

sampling - 7

migrant - 7

census records - 7

occupation - 7

census survey - 7

report - 7

use census - 7

retiree - 7

discrimination - 7

white - 7

labor statistics - 7

parent - 6

wealth - 6

average - 6

macroeconomic - 6

citizenship - 6

compensation - 6

subsidy - 6

poorer - 6

income survey - 6

workers earnings - 6

unemployment rates - 6

aging - 6

recessionary - 6

assessing - 6

entrepreneurial - 6

yearly - 6

census research - 6

employee data - 6

uninsured - 6

insured - 6

maternal - 5

propensity - 5

estimation - 5

market - 5

migration - 5

employing - 5

increase employment - 5

saving - 5

segregated - 5

matching - 5

distribution - 5

schooling - 5

census employment - 5

native - 5

gdp - 5

cohort - 5

researcher - 5

growth - 5

business data - 5

sector - 5

establishment - 5

longitudinal - 5

study - 5

enrolled - 4

department - 4

graduate - 4

career - 4

housing - 4

neighborhood - 4

latino - 4

estimator - 4

2010 census - 4

population survey - 4

loan - 4

debt - 4

investment - 4

employment effects - 4

profit - 4

layoff - 4

mobility - 4

reside - 4

adulthood - 4

household surveys - 4

survey households - 4

prevalence - 4

dependent - 4

provided census - 4

linked census - 4

impact - 4

census linked - 4

bias - 4

economically - 4

employment growth - 4

worker wages - 4

mexican - 4

census household - 4

company - 4

patent - 4

patenting - 4

firms census - 4

income individuals - 4

fiscal - 4

discrepancy - 4

mortality - 4

employment data - 4

employment trends - 4

health - 4

industrial - 4

surveys censuses - 4

workplace - 4

employment measures - 4

earnings inequality - 4

earnings growth - 4

production - 4

enrollee - 4

database - 4

corporation - 4

estimates employment - 4

manufacturing - 4

health insurance - 4

insurance coverage - 4

wage earnings - 4

income year - 4

insurance employer - 4

unemployment insurance - 4

tenure - 4

research - 4

parental - 3

child - 3

childcare - 3

residing - 3

degree - 3

residential - 3

indian - 3

survey data - 3

aggregate - 3

borrower - 3

lending - 3

credit - 3

financial - 3

incorporated - 3

funding - 3

fund - 3

acquisition - 3

relocation - 3

migrate - 3

shift - 3

hire - 3

environmental - 3

declining - 3

exogeneity - 3

hiring - 3

taxation - 3

marriage - 3

couple - 3

records census - 3

identifier - 3

linkage - 3

education - 3

autoregressive - 3

decade - 3

poor - 3

birth - 3

policy - 3

census 2020 - 3

innovation - 3

inventory - 3

fertility - 3

income households - 3

work census - 3

census use - 3

family income - 3

coverage employer - 3

clerical - 3

worker demographics - 3

censuses surveys - 3

workforce indicators - 3

regress - 3

nonemployer businesses - 3

employment unemployment - 3

employment recession - 3

educated - 3

employment dynamics - 3

longitudinal employer - 3

research census - 3

metropolitan - 3

measures employment - 3

inflation - 3

information - 3

organizational - 3

economic census - 3

census business - 3

rural - 3

demand - 3

effect wages - 3

wage data - 3

employment estimates - 3

businesses census - 3

effects employment - 3

healthcare - 3

insurance premiums - 3

manufacturer - 3

income distributions - 3

analysis - 3

sale - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 140


  • Working Paper

    Kids to School and Moms to Work: New York City's Universal Pre-K Expansion and Mother's Employment

    September 2025

    Authors: Laxman Timilsina

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-62

    Using the restricted data from American Community Survey from 2011 to 2017, this paper examines the impact of New York City's (NYC) expansion of universal pre-kindergarten (UPK) on labor force participation of mothers with the youngest child of 4 years of age. Starting in Fall of 2014, any child who is 4 years old and residing in NYC for the past year is eligible for UPK for the academic year, for example all children born in 2010 would qualify for the academic year 2014-15. It uses a triple-difference approach - first compare mothers in NYC with the youngest child of 4-year-olds (treated mothers) to mothers with the youngest child of 5 and 6-year-olds (control mothers) before and after the program. Next, it compares this difference with mothers living in adjacent counties in the New York Metropolitan Area (NMA) in New York to NYC. I find that the program increased mothers' labor force participation by 5 percentage points (a 7.5 percent impact) in NYC. The results are robust to various robustness checks like comparing with mothers living in all of NMA and mothers in Philadelphia.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Estimating the Graduate Coverage of Post-Secondary Employment Outcomes

    September 2025

    Authors: Cody Orr

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-61

    This paper proposes a new methodology for estimating the coverage rate of the Post-Secondary Employment Outcomes data product (PSEO), both as a share of new graduates and as a share of total working-age degree holders in the United States. This paper also assesses how representative PSEO is of the broader population of college graduates across an array of institutional and individual characteristics.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Housing Capital and Intergenerational Mobility in the United States

    August 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-55

    Housing represents the most important capital asset for most U.S. families. Despite substantial analysis of the intergenerational mobility of income, large gaps in our knowledge of the distribution of housing assets and their transmission over time remain, as housing is generally not reflected by income flows. Using novel linked data that combines survey responses with administrative tax data and information on ownership and valuation from property tax records for over 3.4 million families, we provide new evidence on the intergenerational transmission of housing capital. We find that housing capital is more persistent across generations than labor income. We document important disparities between average housing outcomes for White and Black children. These difference persist even conditional on parent rank in the distribution of housing assets, with the gap growing throughout the parental housing capital distribution. A decomposition shows that average differences in children's labor market outcomes associated with parental assets explain about half of the observed intergenerational persistence (a 'labor income channel'), and that there is also a substantial 'direct channel' ' conditional on children having the same earnings, children of parents with more housing assets have more assets themselves on average. The direct channel is also important for explaining the intergenerational gap in outcomes of Black and White children. Finally, we present quasi-experimental evidence that local housing supply constraints help explain spatial differences in intergenerational persistence across US counties. Our results establish the importance of housing markets, both independently from and jointly with labor markets, in shaping the intergenerational persistence of economic resources.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Differences in Disability Insurance Allowance Rates

    August 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-54

    Allowance rates for disability insurance applications vary by race and ethnicity, but it is unclear to what extent these differences are artifacts of other differing socio-economic and health characteristics, or selection issues in SSA's race and ethnicity data. This paper uses the 2015 American Community Survey linked to 2015-2019 SSA administrative data to investigate DI application allowance rates among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic applicants aged 25-65. The analysis uses regression, propensity score matching, and inverse probability weighting to estimate differences in allowance rates among applicants who are similar on observable characteristics. Relative to raw comparisons, differences by race and ethnicity in multivariate analyses are substantially smaller in magnitude and are generally not statistically significant.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Earnings Measurement Error, Nonresponse and Administrative Mismatch in the CPS

    July 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-48

    Using the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement matched to Social Security Administration Detailed Earnings Records, we link observations across consecutive years to investigate a relationship between item nonresponse and measurement error in the earnings questions. Linking individuals across consecutive years allows us to observe switching from response to nonresponse and vice versa. We estimate OLS, IV, and finite mixture models that allow for various assumptions separately for men and women. We find that those who respond in both years of the survey exhibit less measurement error than those who respond in one year. Our findings suggest a trade-off between survey response and data quality that should be considered by survey designers, data collectors, and data users.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Credit Access in the United States

    July 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-45

    We construct new population-level linked administrative data to study households' access to credit in the United States. These data reveal large differences in credit access by race, class, and hometown. By age 25, Black individuals, those who grew up in low-income families, and those who grew up in certain areas (including the Southeast and Appalachia) have significantly lower credit scores than other groups. Consistent with lower scores generating credit constraints, these individuals have smaller balances, more credit inquiries, higher credit card utilization rates, and greater use of alternative higher-cost forms of credit. Tests for alternative definitions of algorithmic bias in credit scores yield results in opposite directions. From a calibration perspective, group-level differences in credit scores understate differences in delinquency: conditional on a given credit score, Black individuals and those from low-income families fall delinquent at relatively higher rates. From a balance perspective, these groups receive lower credit scores even when comparing those with the same future repayment behavior. Addressing both of these biases and expanding credit access to groups with lower credit scores requires addressing group-level differences in delinquency rates. These delinquencies emerge soon after individuals access credit in their early twenties, often due to missed payments on credit cards, student loans, and other bills. Comprehensive measures of individuals' income profiles, income volatility, and observed wealth explain only a small portion of these repayment gaps. In contrast, we find that the large variation in repayment across hometowns mostly reflects the causal effect of childhood exposure to these places. Places that promote upward income mobility also promote repayment and expand credit access even conditional on income, suggesting that common place-level factors may drive behaviors in both credit and labor markets. We discuss suggestive evidence for several mechanisms that drive our results, including the role of social and cultural capital. We conclude that gaps in credit access by race, class, and hometown have roots in childhood environments.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Dynamics of High-Growth Young Firms and the Role of Venture Capitalists

    June 2025

    Authors: Yoshiki Ando

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-38

    Motivated by the substantial growth and upfront investments of venture capital (VC) backed firms observed in administrative US Census data, this paper develops a firm dynamics model over the life cycle. In the model, startups choose the source of financing from VC, Angel investors, or banks, depending on their growth potential, and invest in innovation. The calibrated model explains the life-cycle dynamics of firms with different sources of financing and implies that venture capitalists' advice accounts for around 22% of the growth of VC-backed firms. A counterfactual economy without VC financing would lose aggregate consumption by around 0.4%.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Private Equity and Workers: Modeling and Measuring Monopsony, Implicit Contracts, and Efficient Reallocation

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-37

    We measure the real effects of private equity buyouts on worker outcomes by building a new database that links transactions to matched employer-employee data in the United States. To guide our empirical analysis, we derive testable implications from three theories in which private equity managers alter worker outcomes: (1) exertion of monopsony power in concentrated markets, (2) breach of implicit contracts with targeted groups of workers, including managers and top earners, and (3) efficient reallocation of workers across plants. We do not find any evidence that private equity-backed firms vary wages and employment based on local labor market power proxies. Wage losses are also very similar for managers and top earners. Instead, we find strong evidence that private equity managers downsize less productive plants relative to productive plants while simultaneously reallocating high-wage workers to more productive plants. We conclude that post-buyout employment and wage dynamics are consistent with professional investors providing incentives to increase productivity and monitor the companies in which they invest.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Geographic Immobility in the United States: Assessing the Prevalence and Characteristics of Those Who Never Migrate Across State Lines Using Linked Federal Tax Microdata

    March 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-19

    This paper explores the prevalence and characteristics of those who never migrate at the state scale in the U.S. Studying people who never migrate requires regular and frequent observation of their residential location for a lifetime, or at least for many years. A novel U.S. population-sized longitudinal dataset that links individual level Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Social Security Administration (SSA) administrative records supplies this information annually, along with information on income and socio-demographic characteristics. We use these administrative microdata to follow a cohort aged between 15 and 50 in 2001 from 2001 to 2016, differentiating those who lived in the same state every year during this period (i.e., never made an interstate move) from those who lived in more than one state (i.e., made at least one interstate move). We find those who never made an interstate move comprised 75 percent of the total population of this age cohort. This percentage varies by year of age but never falls below 62 percent even for those who were teenagers or young adults in 2001. There are also variations in these percentages by sex, race, nativity, and income, with the latter having the largest effects. We also find substantial variation in these percentages across states. Our findings suggest a need for more research on geographically immobile populations in U.S.
    View Full Paper PDF
  • Working Paper

    Work Organization and Cumulative Advantage

    March 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-18

    Over decades of wage stagnation, researchers have argued that reorganizing work can boost pay for disadvantaged workers. But upgrading jobs could inadvertently shift hiring away from those workers, exacerbating their disadvantage. We theorize how work organization affects cumulative advantage in the labor market, or the extent to which high-paying positions are increasingly allocated to already-advantaged workers. Specifically, raising technical skill demands exacerbates cumulative advantage by shifting hiring towards higher-skilled applicants. In contrast, when employers increase autonomy or skills learned on-the-job, they raise wages to buy worker consent or commitment, rather than pre-existing skill. To test this idea, we match administrative earnings to task descriptions from job posts. We compare earnings for workers hired into the same occupation and firm, but under different task allocations. When employers raise complexity and autonomy, new hires' starting earnings increase and grow faster. However, while the earnings boost from complex, technical tasks shifts employment toward workers with higher prior earnings, worker selection changes less for tasks learned on-the-job and very little for high autonomy tasks. These results demonstrate how reorganizing work can interrupt cumulative advantage.
    View Full Paper PDF