Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board'
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Authors
John Voorheis - 24
Lucia Foster - 21
John Haltiwanger - 18
John M. Abowd - 14
Nathan Goldschlag - 12
Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 335
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Working PaperWhat Happens to Contractors After States Ban Affirmative Action?
July 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-41
Using restricted Census business records, I explore how banning affirmative action in state contracting affects minority- and women-owned business enterprises (MWBEs). I find that ending affirmative action led MWBE contractors to gradually downsize, with the most pronounced reductions in force experienced by Black-owned businesses and larger MWBEs. Despite these workforce changes, existing MWBEs were no more likely to shut down than other businesses. New MWBEs were relatively less common after a state's ban, highlighting how bans can shift the demographic composition of new contractors. A calibrated model suggests bans are equivalent to considerable reductions in MWBE productivity and scrap values.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperTip of the Iceberg: How Much Do Tips Bunch at Reporting Thresholds?
June 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-40
We study the importance of bunching in the context of tip-income reporting by workers at full-service, single-unit restaurants in the United States. Using tax reports at both the individual and the employer levels, we show that reported tip income varies with minimum-wage laws that provide an incentive for tipped workers to report some, but not necessarily all, of their tips. As a result, reported tips bunch at the minimum required threshold. We quantify missing tips due to bunching at nearly $63 million per year in 2018 dollars, on average over the period 2005-2018. Bunching is stronger for jobs at small employers and in the earlier part of the time series and declined monotonically from 2010 to 2018. Using restaurant-level revenue data, we also estimate the total value of unreported tips assuming an average tip rate of 12%. We find that tips are missing throughout the distribution. All told, missing tips exceed $4 billion per year, implying that bunching explains only 1.5% of all missing tips.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperThe Impact of Female Teachers on Female Students' Lifetime Well-Being
June 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-39
We document an enduring influence of female primary school teachers on their female students in rural America circa 1940. Using historical US Census data linked to IRS records, later censuses, and death records, we find that exposure to female teachers significantly improved girls' educational attainment'particularly among those with poorly-educated parents and in areas with limited labor market opportunities for women. These educational gains translated into delayed marriage and childbearing, marriage matches to better-educated husbands and higher household income. We also find that exposure to female teachers increased longevity of women relative to men.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperFlood Risk, Insurance, and Housing in the United States
June 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-37
Flooding is among the most salient natural hazards facing households in the United States. A large body of evidence has documented a pattern of disproportionate social vulnerability in floodplains. However, little evidence exists on how household-level exposure to flood risk is distributed. We fill this gap by combining parcel-level flood risk with confidential linked survey and administrative data held at the US Census Bureau. Although net migration to Census blocks in floodplains has increased in recent years, there has been essentially no net migration to parcels with flood risk or change in the overall share of households living in floodplains. Income gradients in flood risk are highly non-linear at the household level, with slightly negative income gradients for the bottom 90 percentiles of the income distribution that are dwarfed by disproportionate exposure in the top decile, especially when considering multiple property ownership. This nonlinearity is largely driven by differences in building type and homeownership within narrow income groups. In contrast to the conclusions in the literature using aggregate data, our household-level analysis suggests that households in floodplains are less disadvantaged and increasingly protected from the impacts of flooding, even as a vulnerable subpopulation of low-income, uninsured homeowners remains.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperNew U.S. Business Establishments: Surging or Stalling?
June 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-36
Since the 1990s, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has reported much more rapid growth in U.S. private sector employer establishments than has the Census Bureau' the gap reached roughly 1.6 million by 2023. Using linked BLS-Census microdata, we document two main drivers. First, a large and growing number of employers providing services to the elderly and persons with disabilities are in scope for the BLS frame but not the Census Bureau's. Second, many firms appear with substantially more establishments in the BLS frame. These discrepancies substantially affect the measured establishment size distribution and quantitative policy analysis.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperMilitary Service and Immigrants' Integration: Evidence From the Vietnam Draft Lotteries
June 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-35
Seminal theories in political science argue that military service is a critical driver of minority integration. However, a major obstacle bedeviling the study of military service is self-selection: individuals who are better integrated may be more likely to join the military in the first place. We address the selection problem by examining the effects of military conscription during the Vietnam War using an instrumental variables approach. Conscription during 1970--72 was decided on the basis of national draft lotteries that assigned draft numbers based on an individual's date of birth. Using the draft lottery instrument, we find no evidence of a causal effect of military service on a range of integration outcomes from the 2000 decennial census. At least for the Vietnam era, the link between service and long-term integration is largely driven by self-selection, which points to important scope conditions for the integrationist view.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperRemote Work and Residential Sorting: IV Evidence From Expiring Office Leases
June 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-34
How has remote work reshaped residential sorting and housing demand, and what are the implications for state and local governments? To estimate causal effects, I propose a novel instrument for remote work that exploits quasi-random variation in the timing and size of office lease expirations, captured through a Bartik-style exposure measure at the residential block level. Expirations allow tenant firms to reduce office space and switch employees to remote work, generating strong first-stage effects. Remote work causes modest increases in housing and property tax expenditures in exchange for space, homeownership, and public schools, but not other neighborhood characteristics. It significantly increases migration, particularly out of cities and states that levy income taxes. At the neighborhood level, higher 2020 remote work shares cause subsequent residential turnover, demographic clustering, and property tax revenue windfalls. Taken together, the results indicate that remote work induces migration consistent with Tiebout sorting, and accounts for 10% of migration since 2020. Residential choices and tax bases now depend less on employment proximity and more on affordability and tax-benefit linkage.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperThe Impact of Expanding Public Health Insurance on Safety Net Program Participation: Evidence From the ACA Medicaid Expansion
May 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-32
We examine spillover effects from the ACA Medicaid expansion to public programs providing cash and food assistance. We consider program participation in contiguous county pairs crossing state borders, where one state took up the Medicaid expansion and the other did not, allowing us to better control for local economic trends that could affect program participation. We find that the Medicaid expansion increased participation in food assistance and one of the cash programs, with impacts mainly due to participation conditional on eligibility, rather than from labor supply responses. Our results demonstrate the potential for spillovers across safety net programs.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperLands of Opportunity: Differences in the Geography of Wealth and Income Mobility in the United States
May 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-30
We provide new county-level estimates of intergenerational mobility, covering multiple economic concepts: total income, labor income, homeownership, housing wealth, and total wealth. This is possible via small-area estimation techniques and linked survey and administrative data covering millions of U.S. children born between 1978 and 1986. We find that relative mobility in wealth concepts shows less spatial clustering and more spatial variation than relative mobility in income concepts. Many cities and their suburbs exhibit lower relative mobility (i.e. higher intergenerational persistence) in wealth concepts than in income concepts. Next, we show that various local characteristics are associated with some concepts of economic mobility but not with others. For example, we estimate a strong negative association between the local severity of the Great Recession and child income, regardless of parent position in the income distribution. However, the negative association between recession severity and wealth only exists among children from poorer families. We provide a public-use data package on census.gov to facilitate further research.View Full Paper PDF
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Working PaperThe Real Effects of Bankruptcy Forum Shopping
May 2026
Working Paper Number:
CES-26-29
Many non-Delaware firms strategically file for bankruptcy in Delaware. Should this "forum shopping" be allowed? This question has motivated nine proposed congressional bills over decades of policy debate. Using a novel natural experiment and Census-Bureau microdata, we inform this debate. Comparing similar firms within a Delaware-adjacent state, we show that proximity to Delaware predicts forum shopping. Instrumenting with proximity, we find that forum shopping causally: (i) prevents closures'and liquidations, (ii) shortens bankruptcies, (iii) boosts creditor recovery, and (iv) increases post-bankruptcy employment by 24.8%. Proximity to Delaware is uncorrelated with growth for not-yet-bankrupt or never-bankrupt firms, validating the exclusion restriction.View Full Paper PDF
