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Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Decennial Census'

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American Community Survey - 81

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Current Population Survey - 51

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Center for Economic Studies - 43

National Science Foundation - 41

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Ordinary Least Squares - 38

North American Industry Classification System - 36

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2010 Census - 33

Longitudinal Business Database - 33

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Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 31

Social Security - 22

Business Register - 21

Research Data Center - 21

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 20

Master Address File - 20

Person Validation System - 19

Special Sworn Status - 19

Survey of Income and Program Participation - 19

Department of Housing and Urban Development - 19

National Bureau of Economic Research - 17

Housing and Urban Development - 17

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 16

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 16

Census Numident - 16

Unemployment Insurance - 15

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 15

Census Bureau Business Register - 14

Individual Characteristics File - 14

W-2 - 14

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 14

Federal Reserve Bank - 13

Business Dynamics Statistics - 13

Standard Industrial Classification - 13

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University of Chicago - 12

American Housing Survey - 12

Service Annual Survey - 12

Economic Census - 11

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Cornell University - 10

Public Use Micro Sample - 10

Census of Manufactures - 9

National Center for Health Statistics - 9

1940 Census - 9

Person Identification Validation System - 9

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SSA Numident - 9

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PSID - 9

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 9

Survey of Business Owners - 9

Federal Reserve System - 8

Technical Services - 8

International Trade Research Report - 8

County Business Patterns - 8

Earned Income Tax Credit - 8

Data Management System - 8

Employment History File - 8

Employer Characteristics File - 8

Indian Health Service - 8

American Economic Association - 8

Local Employment Dynamics - 8

Sample Edited Detail File - 8

Longitudinal Research Database - 8

WECD - 8

Total Factor Productivity - 7

Successor Predecessor File - 7

Department of Economics - 7

University of Toronto - 7

Accommodation and Food Services - 7

Computer Assisted Personal Interview - 7

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program - 7

MAF-ARF - 7

Office of Personnel Management - 7

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 7

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 7

MAFID - 7

Office of Management and Budget - 7

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 7

Harvard University - 7

Business Employment Dynamics - 7

Department of Health and Human Services - 7

University of Maryland - 7

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas - 7

Census Household Composition Key - 6

Stanford University - 6

COVID-19 - 6

Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers - 6

Census Edited File - 6

Postal Service - 6

Department of Homeland Security - 6

Department of Labor - 6

National Institute on Aging - 6

Administrative Records - 6

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 6

Characteristics of Business Owners - 6

American Economic Review - 6

Journal of Labor Economics - 6

Composite Person Record - 6

LEHD Program - 6

Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications - 6

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MTO - 5

Educational Services - 5

Health Care and Social Assistance - 5

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series - 5

Retail Trade - 5

Arts, Entertainment - 5

Small Business Administration - 5

Master Beneficiary Record - 5

Census Bureau Person Identification Validation System - 5

Environmental Protection Agency - 5

Indian Housing Information Center - 5

New York University - 5

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 5

Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs - 5

Department of Commerce - 5

HHS - 5

Russell Sage Foundation - 5

Federal Tax Information - 5

Boston College - 4

United States Census Bureau - 4

National Academy of Sciences - 4

Agriculture, Forestry - 4

Paycheck Protection Program - 4

World Trade Organization - 4

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - 4

General Accounting Office - 4

National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 4

Department of Agriculture - 4

Regression Discontinuity Design - 4

Some Other Race - 4

Cobb-Douglas - 4

Bureau of Labor - 4

Pew Research Center - 4

Integrated Longitudinal Business Database - 4

Supreme Court - 4

Probability Density Function - 4

CDF - 4

Council of Economic Advisers - 4

UC Berkeley - 4

Economic Research Service - 4

Review of Economics and Statistics - 4

Census Bureau Business Dynamics Statistics - 4

Department of Defense - 4

Nonemployer Statistics - 4

University of Michigan - 4

Census 2000 - 4

Census Industry Code - 4

Department of Justice - 3

Princeton University - 3

Yale University - 3

AKM - 3

Urban Institute - 3

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 3

Wholesale Trade - 3

Census Bureau Master Address File - 3

Disability Insurance - 3

Social Science Research Institute - 3

Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews and Computer Assisted Personal Interviews - 3

Federal Poverty Level - 3

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Medicaid Services - 3

Employer-Household Dynamics - 3

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Generalized Method of Moments - 3

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Statistics Canada - 3

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 3

2SLS - 3

National Health Interview Survey - 3

PIKed - 3

Journal of Economic Perspectives - 3

NUMIDENT - 3

Geographic Information Systems - 3

National Employer Survey - 3

North American Industry Classi - 3

Business Master File - 3

Business Register Bridge - 3

Regional Economic Information System - 3

Social and Economic Supplement - 3

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 3

National Opinion Research Center - 3

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation - 3

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survey - 28

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recession - 23

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poverty - 21

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immigrant - 20

economist - 19

earnings - 19

race - 19

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data census - 16

estimating - 16

rent - 15

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hiring - 15

heterogeneity - 14

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econometric - 13

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economic census - 12

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employment estimates - 10

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medicaid - 5

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records census - 5

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industrial - 5

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mother - 5

fertility - 5

clerical - 5

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investment - 4

acquisition - 4

longitudinal - 4

turnover - 4

trends employment - 4

benefit - 4

compensation - 4

loan - 4

funding - 4

mortgage - 4

linked census - 4

census linked - 4

sampling - 4

survey income - 4

income data - 4

surveys censuses - 4

adoption - 4

1040 - 4

child - 4

latino - 4

growth - 4

technological - 4

wage growth - 4

community - 4

endogenous - 4

recessionary - 4

schooling - 4

ancestry - 4

relocating - 4

percentile - 4

regress - 4

2010 census - 4

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exposure - 4

homeowner - 4

pregnancy - 4

research - 4

employment earnings - 4

earnings workers - 4

wage data - 4

associate - 4

unemployment rates - 4

startup - 4

employment wages - 4

founder - 4

divorced - 4

health - 4

labor statistics - 4

enrollee - 4

policy - 4

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locality - 4

district - 4

area - 4

educated - 4

wage differences - 4

employment entrepreneurship - 4

businesses census - 4

matching - 4

employment effects - 3

layoff - 3

prevalence - 3

worker demographics - 3

shift - 3

specialization - 3

warehousing - 3

bank - 3

census years - 3

household surveys - 3

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ssa - 3

parents income - 3

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innovation - 3

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poorer - 3

income children - 3

population survey - 3

regressing - 3

enforcement - 3

exogeneity - 3

firms census - 3

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information - 3

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mortality - 3

concentration - 3

estimates employment - 3

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insurance - 3

coverage - 3

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censuses surveys - 3

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Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 157


  • Working Paper

    Private Equity and Workers: Modeling and Measuring Monopsony, Implicit Contracts, and Efficient Reallocation

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-37

    We measure the real effects of private equity buyouts on worker outcomes by building a new database that links transactions to matched employer-employee data in the United States. To guide our empirical analysis, we derive testable implications from three theories in which private equity managers alter worker outcomes: (1) exertion of monopsony power in concentrated markets, (2) breach of implicit contracts with targeted groups of workers, including managers and top earners, and (3) efficient reallocation of workers across plants. We do not find any evidence that private equity-backed firms vary wages and employment based on local labor market power proxies. Wage losses are also very similar for managers and top earners. Instead, we find strong evidence that private equity managers downsize less productive plants relative to productive plants while simultaneously reallocating high-wage workers to more productive plants. We conclude that post-buyout employment and wage dynamics are consistent with professional investors providing incentives to increase productivity and monitor the companies in which they invest.
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  • Working Paper

    Consequences of Eviction for Parenting and Non-parenting College Students

    June 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-35

    Amidst rising and increasingly unaffordable rents, 7.6 million people are threatened with eviction each year across the United States'and eviction rates are twice as high for renters with children. One important and neglected population who may experience unique levels of housing insecurity is college students, especially given that one in five college students are parents. In this study, we link 11.9 million student records to eviction filings from housing courts, demographic characteristics reported in decennial census and survey data, incomes reported on tax returns by students and their parents, and dates of birth and death from the Social Security Administration. Parenting students are more likely than non-parenting students to identify as female (62.81% vs. 55.94%) and Black (19.66% vs. 14.30%), be over 30 years old (42.73% vs. 20.25%), and have parents with lower household incomes ($100,000 vs. $140,000). Parenting students threatened with eviction (i.e., had an eviction filed against them) are much more likely than non-threatened parenting students to identify as female (81.18% vs. 62.81%) and Black (56.84% vs. 19.66%). In models adjusted for individual and institutional characteristics, we find that being threatened with an eviction was significantly associated with reduced likelihood of degree completion, reduced post-enrollment income, reduced likelihood of being married post-enrollment, and increased post-enrollment mortality. Among parenting students, 38.38% (95% confidence interval (CI): 32.50-44.26%) of non-threatened students completed a bachelor's degree compared to just 15.36% (CI: 11.61-19.11%) of students threatened with eviction. Our findings highlight the long-term economic and health impacts of housing insecurity during college, especially for parenting students. Housing stability for parenting students may have substantial multigenerational benefits for economic mobility and population health.
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  • Working Paper

    The Effects of Eviction on Children

    May 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-34

    Eviction may be an important channel for the intergenerational transmission of poverty, and concerns about its effects on children are often raised as a rationale for tenant protection policies. We study how eviction impacts children's home environment, school engagement, educational achievement, and high school completion by assembling new data sets linking eviction court records in Chicago and New York to administrative public school records and restricted Census records. To disentangle the consequences of eviction from the effects of correlated sources of economic distress, we use a research design based on the random assignment of court cases to judges who vary in their leniency. We find that eviction increases children's residential mobility, homelessness, and likelihood of doubling up with grandparents or other adults. Eviction also disrupts school engagement, causing increased absences and school changes. While we find little impact on elementary and middle school test scores, eviction substantially reduces high school course credits. Lastly, we find that eviction reduces high school graduation and use a novel bounding method to show that this finding is not driven by differential attrition. The disruptive effects of eviction appear worse for older children and boys. Our evidence suggests that the impact of eviction on children runs through the disruption to the home environment or school engagement rather than deterioration in school or neighborhood quality, and may be moderated by access to family support networks.
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  • Working Paper

    Size Matters: Matching Externalities and the Advantages of Large Labor Markets

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-22

    Economists have long hypothesized that large and thick labor markets facilitate the matching between workers and firms. We use administrative data from the LEHD to compare the job search outcomes of workers originally in large and small markets who lost their jobs due to a firm closure. We define a labor market as the Commuting Zone'industry pair in the quarter before the closure. To account for the possible sorting of high-quality workers into larger markets, the effect of market size is identified by comparing workers in large and small markets within the same CZ, conditional on workers fixed effects. In the six quarters before their firm's closure, workers in small and large markets have a similar probability of employment and quarterly earnings. Following the closure, workers in larger markets experience significantly shorter non-employment spells and smaller earning losses than workers in smaller markets, indicating that larger markets partially insure workers against idiosyncratic employment shocks. A 1 percent increase in market size results in a 0.015 and 0.023 percentage points increase in the 1-year re-employment probability of high school and college graduates, respectively. Displaced workers in larger markets also experience a significantly lower need for relocation to a different CZ. Conditional on finding a new job, the quality of the new worker-firm match is higher in larger markets, as proxied by a higher probability that the new match lasts more than one year; the new industry is the same as the old one; and the new industry is a 'good fit' for the worker's college major. Consistent with the notion that market size should be particularly consequential for more specialized workers, we find that the effects are larger in industries where human capital is more specialized and less portable. Our findings may help explain the geographical agglomeration of industries'especially those that make intensive use of highly specialized workers'and validate one of the mechanisms that urban economists have proposed for the existence of agglomeration economies.
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  • Working Paper

    The Composition of Firm Workforces from 2006'2022: Findings from the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital Experimental Product

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-20

    We introduce the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital (BDS-HC) tables, a new Census Bureau experimental product that provides public-use statistics on the workforce composition of firms and its relationship to business dynamics. We use administrative W-2 filings to combine population-level worker demographic data with longitudinal business data to estimate the demographic and educational composition of nearly all non-farm employer businesses in the United States between 2006 and 2022. We use this newly constructed data to document the evolution of employment, entry, and exit of employers based on their workforce compositions. We also provide new statistics on the interaction between firm and worker characteristics, including the composition of workers at startup firms. We find substantial changes between 2006 and 2022 in the distribution of employers along several dimensions, primarily driven by changing workforce compositions within continuing firms rather than the reallocation of employment between firms. We also highlight systematic differences in the business dynamics of firms by their workforce compositions, suggesting that different groups of workers face different economic environments due to their employers.
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  • Working Paper

    Work Organization and Cumulative Advantage

    March 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-18

    Over decades of wage stagnation, researchers have argued that reorganizing work can boost pay for disadvantaged workers. But upgrading jobs could inadvertently shift hiring away from those workers, exacerbating their disadvantage. We theorize how work organization affects cumulative advantage in the labor market, or the extent to which high-paying positions are increasingly allocated to already-advantaged workers. Specifically, raising technical skill demands exacerbates cumulative advantage by shifting hiring towards higher-skilled applicants. In contrast, when employers increase autonomy or skills learned on-the-job, they raise wages to buy worker consent or commitment, rather than pre-existing skill. To test this idea, we match administrative earnings to task descriptions from job posts. We compare earnings for workers hired into the same occupation and firm, but under different task allocations. When employers raise complexity and autonomy, new hires' starting earnings increase and grow faster. However, while the earnings boost from complex, technical tasks shifts employment toward workers with higher prior earnings, worker selection changes less for tasks learned on-the-job and very little for high autonomy tasks. These results demonstrate how reorganizing work can interrupt cumulative advantage.
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  • Working Paper

    Business Dynamics Statistics of Coastal Counties: A Description of Differences in Coastal Areas Over Time

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-08R

    The Business Dynamics Statistics of Coastal Counties (BDS-CC) is a new experimental data product extending the set of statistics published by the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) program to provide more detail on businesses operating in coastal regions of the United States. The BDS-CC provides annual measures of employment, the number of establishments and firms, job creation, job destruction, openings, and closings for businesses in Coastal Shoreline (CS), Coastal Non-Shoreline (CNS), and Non-Coastal (NC) counties. Counties are grouped into these categories based on definitions from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This product allows for comparisons across industries and coastal regions of the impact of natural disasters and other events that affect coastal areas. The BDS-CC series provides annual statistics for 1978 to 2022 for each of the coastal categories by firm size and firm age, initial firm size, establishment size and establishment age, initial establishment size, sector, 3-digit NAICS code, 4-digit NAICS code, urban/rural categories, and various coastal regions. Following a description of the data and methodology, we highlight some historical trends and analyses conducted using these data.
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  • Working Paper

    Measuring the Business Dynamics of Firms that Received Pandemic Relief Funding: Findings from a New Experimental BDS Data Product

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-05

    This paper describes a new experimental data product from the U.S. Census Bureau's Center for Economic Studies: the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) of firms that received Small Business Administration (SBA) pandemic funding. This new product, BDS-SBA COVID, expands the set of currently published BDS tables by linking loan-level program participation data from SBA to internal business microdata at the U.S. Census Bureau. The linked programs include the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), COVID Economic Injury Disaster Loans (COVID-EIDL), the Restaurant Revitalization Fund (RRF), and Shuttered Venue Operators Grants (SVOG). Using these linked data, we tabulate annual firm and establishment counts, measures of job creation and destruction, and establishment entry and exit for recipients and non-recipients of program funds in 2020-2021. We further stratify the tables by timing of loan receipt and loan size, and business characteristics including geography, industry sector, firm size, and firm age. We find that for the youngest firms that received PPP, the timing of receipt mattered. Receiving an early loan correlated with a lower job destruction rate compared to non-recipients and businesses that received a later loan. For the smallest firms, simply participating in PPP was associated with lower employment loss. The timing of PPP receipt was also related to establishment exit rates. For businesses of nearly all ages, those that received an early loan exited at a lower rate in 2022 than later loan recipients.
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  • Working Paper

    The Census Historical Environmental Impacts Frame

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-66

    The Census Bureau's Environmental Impacts Frame (EIF) is a microdata infrastructure that combines individual-level information on residence, demographics, and economic characteristics with environmental amenities and hazards from 1999 through the present day. To better understand the long-run consequences and intergenerational effects of exposure to a changing environment, we expand the EIF by extending it backward to 1940. The Historical Environmental Impacts Frame (HEIF) combines the Census Bureau's historical administrative data, publicly available 1940 address information from the 1940 Decennial Census, and historical environmental data. This paper discusses the creation of the HEIF as well as the unique challenges that arise with using the Census Bureau's historical administrative data.
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  • Working Paper

    Incorporating Administrative Data in Survey Weights for the 2018-2022 Survey of Income and Program Participation

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-58

    Response rates to the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) have declined over time, raising the potential for nonresponse bias in survey estimates. A potential solution is to leverage administrative data from government agencies and third-party data providers when constructing survey weights. In this paper, we modify various parts of the SIPP weighting algorithm to incorporate such data. We create these new weights for the 2018 through 2022 SIPP panels and examine how the new weights affect survey estimates. Our results show that before weighting adjustments, SIPP respondents in these panels have higher socioeconomic status than the general population. Existing weighting procedures reduce many of these differences. Comparing SIPP estimates between the production weights and the administrative data-based weights yields changes that are not uniform across the joint income and program participation distribution. Unlike other Census Bureau household surveys, there is no large increase in nonresponse bias in SIPP due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. In summary, the magnitude and sign of nonresponse bias in SIPP is complicated, and the existing weighting procedures may change the sign of nonresponse bias for households with certain incomes and program benefit statuses.
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