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Papers Containing Tag(s): 'Decennial Census'

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American Community Survey - 81

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 55

Internal Revenue Service - 55

Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics - 53

Current Population Survey - 50

Protected Identification Key - 50

Social Security Administration - 44

Center for Economic Studies - 43

National Science Foundation - 40

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 39

Ordinary Least Squares - 37

Social Security Number - 37

North American Industry Classification System - 36

Disclosure Review Board - 34

Longitudinal Business Database - 33

2010 Census - 32

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 31

Employer Identification Numbers - 30

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 29

Business Register - 21

Social Security - 21

Research Data Center - 21

Master Address File - 20

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 19

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Survey of Income and Program Participation - 19

Department of Housing and Urban Development - 19

Person Validation System - 18

Housing and Urban Development - 17

Quarterly Workforce Indicators - 16

Census Numident - 16

Unemployment Insurance - 15

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 15

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 15

National Bureau of Economic Research - 15

Census Bureau Business Register - 14

Individual Characteristics File - 14

W-2 - 14

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 14

Business Dynamics Statistics - 13

Standard Industrial Classification - 13

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 13

American Housing Survey - 12

Service Annual Survey - 12

Federal Reserve Bank - 12

University of Chicago - 11

Economic Census - 11

Core Based Statistical Area - 10

Cornell University - 10

Public Use Micro Sample - 10

1940 Census - 9

Person Identification Validation System - 9

Adjusted Gross Income - 9

SSA Numident - 9

Personally Identifiable Information - 9

PSID - 9

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 9

Survey of Business Owners - 9

International Trade Research Report - 8

County Business Patterns - 8

Earned Income Tax Credit - 8

Data Management System - 8

Employment History File - 8

Employer Characteristics File - 8

Indian Health Service - 8

American Economic Association - 8

Local Employment Dynamics - 8

Census of Manufactures - 8

Sample Edited Detail File - 8

Longitudinal Research Database - 8

WECD - 8

Technical Services - 7

University of Toronto - 7

Accommodation and Food Services - 7

Computer Assisted Personal Interview - 7

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program - 7

MAF-ARF - 7

National Center for Health Statistics - 7

Office of Personnel Management - 7

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 7

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth - 7

MAFID - 7

Office of Management and Budget - 7

Federal Reserve System - 7

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality - 7

Harvard University - 7

Business Employment Dynamics - 7

Department of Health and Human Services - 7

University of Maryland - 7

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas - 7

Stanford University - 6

COVID-19 - 6

Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers - 6

Census Edited File - 6

Postal Service - 6

Department of Economics - 6

Department of Homeland Security - 6

Department of Labor - 6

National Institute on Aging - 6

Total Factor Productivity - 6

Administrative Records - 6

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 6

Characteristics of Business Owners - 6

American Economic Review - 6

Journal of Labor Economics - 6

Composite Person Record - 6

LEHD Program - 6

Center for Administrative Records Research and Applications - 6

Educational Services - 5

Health Care and Social Assistance - 5

Integrated Public Use Microdata Series - 5

Retail Trade - 5

Arts, Entertainment - 5

Small Business Administration - 5

Master Beneficiary Record - 5

Census Bureau Person Identification Validation System - 5

Census Household Composition Key - 5

Environmental Protection Agency - 5

Indian Housing Information Center - 5

New York University - 5

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 5

Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs - 5

Department of Commerce - 5

HHS - 5

Russell Sage Foundation - 5

Federal Tax Information - 5

Agriculture, Forestry - 4

Standard Occupational Classification - 4

Paycheck Protection Program - 4

World Trade Organization - 4

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - 4

General Accounting Office - 4

National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 4

Department of Agriculture - 4

Regression Discontinuity Design - 4

Some Other Race - 4

Cobb-Douglas - 4

Bureau of Labor - 4

Pew Research Center - 4

Integrated Longitudinal Business Database - 4

Supreme Court - 4

Probability Density Function - 4

CDF - 4

Council of Economic Advisers - 4

UC Berkeley - 4

Economic Research Service - 4

Review of Economics and Statistics - 4

Census Bureau Business Dynamics Statistics - 4

Department of Defense - 4

Nonemployer Statistics - 4

University of Michigan - 4

Census 2000 - 4

Census Industry Code - 4

AKM - 3

Urban Institute - 3

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 3

Wholesale Trade - 3

Census Bureau Master Address File - 3

Disability Insurance - 3

Social Science Research Institute - 3

Department of Education - 3

Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews and Computer Assisted Personal Interviews - 3

Federal Poverty Level - 3

Business Services - 3

Medicaid Services - 3

Employer-Household Dynamics - 3

National Institutes of Health - 3

Generalized Method of Moments - 3

Federal Reserve Board of Governors - 3

ASEC - 3

Statistics Canada - 3

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 3

2SLS - 3

National Academy of Sciences - 3

National Health Interview Survey - 3

PIKed - 3

United States Census Bureau - 3

Boston College - 3

Journal of Economic Perspectives - 3

NUMIDENT - 3

Geographic Information Systems - 3

National Employer Survey - 3

North American Industry Classi - 3

Business Master File - 3

Business Register Bridge - 3

Regional Economic Information System - 3

Social and Economic Supplement - 3

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 3

National Opinion Research Center - 3

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation - 3

employ - 43

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employed - 40

labor - 34

population - 32

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survey - 28

census data - 26

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ethnicity - 26

employee - 25

metropolitan - 25

recession - 23

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segregation - 22

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disadvantaged - 21

hispanic - 21

poverty - 20

immigrant - 20

race - 19

economist - 18

census bureau - 18

disparity - 18

earnings - 18

worker - 17

payroll - 17

data - 17

data census - 16

estimating - 16

job - 15

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heterogeneity - 14

establishment - 14

workplace - 14

welfare - 14

migrant - 14

econometric - 13

unemployed - 13

black - 13

rent - 13

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rural - 13

impact - 12

white - 12

agency - 12

migration - 12

economic census - 12

work census - 11

microdata - 11

expenditure - 11

discrimination - 11

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immigration - 11

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citizen - 11

market - 10

occupation - 10

employment estimates - 10

employment data - 10

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information census - 7

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longitudinal employer - 6

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employee data - 6

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unobserved - 5

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company - 5

finance - 5

amenity - 5

medicaid - 5

emission - 5

residential segregation - 5

records census - 5

census responses - 5

financial - 5

house - 5

profit - 5

researcher - 5

study - 5

analysis - 5

disclosure - 5

bankruptcy - 5

earn - 5

pollution exposure - 5

gdp - 5

workers earnings - 5

earnings employees - 5

demand - 5

industrial - 5

proprietor - 5

mother - 5

fertility - 5

clerical - 5

commute - 5

longitudinal - 4

turnover - 4

trends employment - 4

benefit - 4

compensation - 4

loan - 4

funding - 4

mortgage - 4

linked census - 4

census linked - 4

sampling - 4

survey income - 4

income data - 4

surveys censuses - 4

parental - 4

adoption - 4

1040 - 4

child - 4

latino - 4

growth - 4

technological - 4

wage growth - 4

community - 4

endogenous - 4

recessionary - 4

schooling - 4

ancestry - 4

relocating - 4

percentile - 4

regress - 4

2010 census - 4

creditor - 4

monopolistic - 4

exposure - 4

homeowner - 4

pregnancy - 4

research - 4

employment earnings - 4

earnings workers - 4

wage data - 4

associate - 4

unemployment rates - 4

startup - 4

employment wages - 4

founder - 4

divorced - 4

health - 4

labor statistics - 4

enrollee - 4

policy - 4

subsidy - 4

locality - 4

district - 4

area - 4

educated - 4

wage differences - 4

employment entrepreneurship - 4

businesses census - 4

matching - 4

worker demographics - 3

shift - 3

specialization - 3

warehousing - 3

bank - 3

census years - 3

household surveys - 3

survey households - 3

dependent - 3

census household - 3

policymakers - 3

eligibility - 3

eligible - 3

ssa - 3

parents income - 3

income households - 3

investment - 3

innovation - 3

saving - 3

recession exposure - 3

medicare - 3

poorer - 3

income children - 3

population survey - 3

regressing - 3

enforcement - 3

exogeneity - 3

firms census - 3

survey data - 3

information - 3

pandemic - 3

mortality - 3

concentration - 3

estimates employment - 3

effect wages - 3

insurance - 3

coverage - 3

apartment - 3

capital - 3

executive - 3

censuses surveys - 3

decade - 3

employment unemployment - 3

geography - 3

network - 3

nonemployer businesses - 3

union - 3

country - 3

census file - 3

merger - 3

census records - 3

factory - 3

business data - 3

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refugee - 3

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urbanization - 3

wage effects - 3

technology - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 154


  • Working Paper

    Size Matters: Matching Externalities and the Advantages of Large Labor Markets

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-22

    Economists have long hypothesized that large and thick labor markets facilitate the matching between workers and firms. We use administrative data from the LEHD to compare the job search outcomes of workers originally in large and small markets who lost their jobs due to a firm closure. We define a labor market as the Commuting Zone'industry pair in the quarter before the closure. To account for the possible sorting of high-quality workers into larger markets, the effect of market size is identified by comparing workers in large and small markets within the same CZ, conditional on workers fixed effects. In the six quarters before their firm's closure, workers in small and large markets have a similar probability of employment and quarterly earnings. Following the closure, workers in larger markets experience significantly shorter non-employment spells and smaller earning losses than workers in smaller markets, indicating that larger markets partially insure workers against idiosyncratic employment shocks. A 1 percent increase in market size results in a 0.015 and 0.023 percentage points increase in the 1-year re-employment probability of high school and college graduates, respectively. Displaced workers in larger markets also experience a significantly lower need for relocation to a different CZ. Conditional on finding a new job, the quality of the new worker-firm match is higher in larger markets, as proxied by a higher probability that the new match lasts more than one year; the new industry is the same as the old one; and the new industry is a 'good fit' for the worker's college major. Consistent with the notion that market size should be particularly consequential for more specialized workers, we find that the effects are larger in industries where human capital is more specialized and less portable. Our findings may help explain the geographical agglomeration of industries'especially those that make intensive use of highly specialized workers'and validate one of the mechanisms that urban economists have proposed for the existence of agglomeration economies.
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  • Working Paper

    The Composition of Firm Workforces from 2006'2022: Findings from the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital Experimental Product

    April 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-20

    We introduce the Business Dynamics Statistics of Human Capital (BDS-HC) tables, a new Census Bureau experimental product that provides public-use statistics on the workforce composition of firms and its relationship to business dynamics. We use administrative W-2 filings to combine population-level worker demographic data with longitudinal business data to estimate the demographic and educational composition of nearly all non-farm employer businesses in the United States between 2006 and 2022. We use this newly constructed data to document the evolution of employment, entry, and exit of employers based on their workforce compositions. We also provide new statistics on the interaction between firm and worker characteristics, including the composition of workers at startup firms. We find substantial changes between 2006 and 2022 in the distribution of employers along several dimensions, primarily driven by changing workforce compositions within continuing firms rather than the reallocation of employment between firms. We also highlight systematic differences in the business dynamics of firms by their workforce compositions, suggesting that different groups of workers face different economic environments due to their employers.
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  • Working Paper

    Work Organization and Cumulative Advantage

    March 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-18

    Over decades of wage stagnation, researchers have argued that reorganizing work can boost pay for disadvantaged workers. But upgrading jobs could inadvertently shift hiring away from those workers, exacerbating their disadvantage. We theorize how work organization affects cumulative advantage in the labor market, or the extent to which high-paying positions are increasingly allocated to already-advantaged workers. Specifically, raising technical skill demands exacerbates cumulative advantage by shifting hiring towards higher-skilled applicants. In contrast, when employers increase autonomy or skills learned on-the-job, they raise wages to buy worker consent or commitment, rather than pre-existing skill. To test this idea, we match administrative earnings to task descriptions from job posts. We compare earnings for workers hired into the same occupation and firm, but under different task allocations. When employers raise complexity and autonomy, new hires' starting earnings increase and grow faster. However, while the earnings boost from complex, technical tasks shifts employment toward workers with higher prior earnings, worker selection changes less for tasks learned on-the-job and very little for high autonomy tasks. These results demonstrate how reorganizing work can interrupt cumulative advantage.
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  • Working Paper

    Business Dynamics Statistics of Coastal Counties: A Description of Differences in Coastal Areas Over Time

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-08R

    The Business Dynamics Statistics of Coastal Counties (BDS-CC) is a new experimental data product extending the set of statistics published by the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) program to provide more detail on businesses operating in coastal regions of the United States. The BDS-CC provides annual measures of employment, the number of establishments and firms, job creation, job destruction, openings, and closings for businesses in Coastal Shoreline (CS), Coastal Non-Shoreline (CNS), and Non-Coastal (NC) counties. Counties are grouped into these categories based on definitions from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This product allows for comparisons across industries and coastal regions of the impact of natural disasters and other events that affect coastal areas. The BDS-CC series provides annual statistics for 1978 to 2022 for each of the coastal categories by firm size and firm age, initial firm size, establishment size and establishment age, initial establishment size, sector, 3-digit NAICS code, 4-digit NAICS code, urban/rural categories, and various coastal regions. Following a description of the data and methodology, we highlight some historical trends and analyses conducted using these data.
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  • Working Paper

    Measuring the Business Dynamics of Firms that Received Pandemic Relief Funding: Findings from a New Experimental BDS Data Product

    January 2025

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-25-05

    This paper describes a new experimental data product from the U.S. Census Bureau's Center for Economic Studies: the Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) of firms that received Small Business Administration (SBA) pandemic funding. This new product, BDS-SBA COVID, expands the set of currently published BDS tables by linking loan-level program participation data from SBA to internal business microdata at the U.S. Census Bureau. The linked programs include the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), COVID Economic Injury Disaster Loans (COVID-EIDL), the Restaurant Revitalization Fund (RRF), and Shuttered Venue Operators Grants (SVOG). Using these linked data, we tabulate annual firm and establishment counts, measures of job creation and destruction, and establishment entry and exit for recipients and non-recipients of program funds in 2020-2021. We further stratify the tables by timing of loan receipt and loan size, and business characteristics including geography, industry sector, firm size, and firm age. We find that for the youngest firms that received PPP, the timing of receipt mattered. Receiving an early loan correlated with a lower job destruction rate compared to non-recipients and businesses that received a later loan. For the smallest firms, simply participating in PPP was associated with lower employment loss. The timing of PPP receipt was also related to establishment exit rates. For businesses of nearly all ages, those that received an early loan exited at a lower rate in 2022 than later loan recipients.
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  • Working Paper

    The Census Historical Environmental Impacts Frame

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-66

    The Census Bureau's Environmental Impacts Frame (EIF) is a microdata infrastructure that combines individual-level information on residence, demographics, and economic characteristics with environmental amenities and hazards from 1999 through the present day. To better understand the long-run consequences and intergenerational effects of exposure to a changing environment, we expand the EIF by extending it backward to 1940. The Historical Environmental Impacts Frame (HEIF) combines the Census Bureau's historical administrative data, publicly available 1940 address information from the 1940 Decennial Census, and historical environmental data. This paper discusses the creation of the HEIF as well as the unique challenges that arise with using the Census Bureau's historical administrative data.
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  • Working Paper

    Incorporating Administrative Data in Survey Weights for the 2018-2022 Survey of Income and Program Participation

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-58

    Response rates to the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) have declined over time, raising the potential for nonresponse bias in survey estimates. A potential solution is to leverage administrative data from government agencies and third-party data providers when constructing survey weights. In this paper, we modify various parts of the SIPP weighting algorithm to incorporate such data. We create these new weights for the 2018 through 2022 SIPP panels and examine how the new weights affect survey estimates. Our results show that before weighting adjustments, SIPP respondents in these panels have higher socioeconomic status than the general population. Existing weighting procedures reduce many of these differences. Comparing SIPP estimates between the production weights and the administrative data-based weights yields changes that are not uniform across the joint income and program participation distribution. Unlike other Census Bureau household surveys, there is no large increase in nonresponse bias in SIPP due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. In summary, the magnitude and sign of nonresponse bias in SIPP is complicated, and the existing weighting procedures may change the sign of nonresponse bias for households with certain incomes and program benefit statuses.
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  • Working Paper

    Income, Wealth, and Environmental Inequality in the United States

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-57

    This paper explores the relationships between air pollution, income, wealth, and race by combining administrative data from U.S. tax returns between 1979'2016, various measures of air pollution, and sociodemographic information from linked survey and administrative data. In the first year of our data, the relationship between income and ambient pollution levels nationally is approximately zero for both non-Hispanic White and Black individuals. However, at every single percentile of the national income distribution, Black individuals are exposed to, on average, higher levels of pollution than White individuals. By 2016, the relationship between income and air pollution had steepened, primarily for Black individuals, driven by changes in where rich and poor Black individuals live. We utilize quasi-random shocks to income to examine the causal effect of changes in income and wealth on pollution exposure over a five year horizon, finding that these income'pollution elasticities map closely to the values implied by our descriptive patterns. We calculate that Black-White differences in income can explain ~10 percent of the observed gap in air pollution levels in 2016.
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  • Working Paper

    Separate but Not Equal: The Uneven Cost of Residential Segregation for Network-Based Hiring

    October 2024

    Authors: Tam Mai

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-56

    This paper studies how residential segregation by race and by education affects job search via neighbor networks. Using confidential microdata from the US Census Bureau, I measure segregation for each characteristic at both the individual level and the neighborhood level. My findings are manifold. At the individual level, future coworkership with new neighbors on the same block is less likely among segregated individuals than among integrated workers, irrespective of races and levels of schooling. The impacts are most adverse for the most socioeconomically disadvantaged demographics: Blacks and those without a high school education. At the block level, however, higher segregation along either dimension raises the likelihood of any future coworkership on the block for all racial or educational groups. My identification strategy, capitalizing on data granularity, allows a causal interpretation of these results. Together, they point to the coexistence of homophily and in-group competition for job opportunities in linking residential segregation to neighbor-based informal hiring. My subtle findings have important implications for policy-making.
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  • Working Paper

    Comparison of Child Reporting in the American Community Survey and Federal Income Tax Returns Based on California Birth Records

    September 2024

    Authors: Gloria G. Aldana

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-55

    This paper takes advantage of administrative records from California, a state with a large child population and a significant historical undercount of children in Census Bureau data, dependent information in the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 1040 records, and the American Community Survey to characterize undercounted children and compare child reporting. While IRS Form 1040 records offer potential utility for adjusting child undercounting in Census Bureau surveys, this analysis finds overlapping reporting issues among various demographic and economic groups. Specifically, older children, those of Non-Hispanic Black mothers and Hispanic mothers, children or parents with lower English proficiency, children whose mothers did not complete high school, and families with lower income-to-poverty ratio were less frequently reported in IRS 1040 records than other groups. Therefore, using IRS 1040 dependent records may have limitations for accurately representing populations with characteristics associated with the undercount of children in surveys.
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