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Papers Containing Keywords(s): 'production'

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Center for Economic Studies - 126

Annual Survey of Manufactures - 105

Total Factor Productivity - 101

Longitudinal Research Database - 100

Standard Industrial Classification - 83

Census of Manufactures - 79

Bureau of Economic Analysis - 77

Ordinary Least Squares - 69

Longitudinal Business Database - 63

National Bureau of Economic Research - 62

National Science Foundation - 61

North American Industry Classification System - 61

Bureau of Labor Statistics - 58

Cobb-Douglas - 49

Census of Manufacturing Firms - 41

Economic Census - 39

Chicago Census Research Data Center - 29

Metropolitan Statistical Area - 27

Federal Reserve Bank - 20

Census Bureau Longitudinal Business Database - 20

Internal Revenue Service - 19

Environmental Protection Agency - 18

Standard Statistical Establishment List - 18

Special Sworn Status - 18

Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board - 17

Federal Statistical Research Data Center - 17

Generalized Method of Moments - 16

Department of Commerce - 16

American Economic Review - 16

University of Chicago - 16

Research Data Center - 15

Federal Reserve System - 14

TFPQ - 14

Permanent Plant Number - 14

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - 13

County Business Patterns - 13

Current Population Survey - 13

Survey of Manufacturing Technology - 13

Journal of Economic Literature - 12

Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures - 12

World Bank - 11

Employer Identification Number - 10

Census Bureau Business Register - 10

Department of Economics - 10

Labor Productivity - 10

Administrative Records - 10

Survey of Industrial Research and Development - 9

Harvard University - 9

TFPR - 9

Information and Communication Technology Survey - 9

Quarterly Journal of Economics - 9

Michigan Institute for Teaching and Research in Economics - 9

Review of Economics and Statistics - 9

New England County Metropolitan - 9

University of Maryland - 8

Longitudinal Firm Trade Transactions Database - 8

Business Research and Development and Innovation Survey - 8

Company Organization Survey - 8

Wholesale Trade - 8

Business Register - 8

Patent and Trademark Office - 8

Computer Network Use Supplement - 8

New York University - 7

NBER Summer Institute - 7

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey - 7

Herfindahl-Hirschman - 7

International Standard Industrial Classification - 7

American Economic Association - 7

Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies - 7

Office of Management and Budget - 7

Journal of Political Economy - 7

Commodity Flow Survey - 7

Service Annual Survey - 7

Boston Research Data Center - 7

Computer Aided Design - 7

Electronic Data Interchange - 7

Insurance Information Institute - 7

Department of Agriculture - 7

MIT Press - 7

Harmonized System - 6

IQR - 6

Energy Information Administration - 6

Disclosure Review Board - 6

Journal of Econometrics - 6

Board of Governors - 6

Business R&D and Innovation Survey - 6

Management and Organizational Practices Survey - 6

2020 Census - 6

Fabricated Metal Products - 6

Small Business Administration - 6

National Income and Product Accounts - 6

National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 6

United States Census Bureau - 6

North American Free Trade Agreement - 6

International Trade Commission - 6

PAOC - 6

Columbia University - 6

Net Present Value - 5

University of Michigan - 5

Business Dynamics Statistics - 5

Herfindahl Hirschman Index - 5

Census of Retail Trade - 5

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages - 5

Retirement History Survey - 5

Department of Homeland Security - 5

North American Industry Classi - 5

Princeton University Press - 5

Journal of Economic Perspectives - 5

Kauffman Foundation - 5

Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - 5

Toxics Release Inventory - 5

Federal Trade Commission - 5

Economic Research Service - 5

Chicago RDC - 5

Securities and Exchange Commission - 5

Social Security Administration - 5

American Statistical Association - 5

University of Toronto - 4

Washington University - 4

2SLS - 4

World Trade Organization - 4

COMPUSTAT - 4

Review of Economic Studies - 4

Cambridge University Press - 4

UC Berkeley - 4

Social Security - 4

Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation - 4

Wal-Mart - 4

Cornell Institute for Social and Economic Research - 4

Securities Data Company - 4

Department of Energy - 4

Journal of International Economics - 4

Establishment Micro Properties - 4

Boston College - 3

Penn State University - 3

Retail Trade - 3

1990 Census - 3

IBM - 3

Census of Services - 3

Technical Services - 3

Department of Labor - 3

Occupational Employment Statistics - 3

Annual Business Survey - 3

Sloan Foundation - 3

American Community Survey - 3

Foreign Direct Investment - 3

University of California Los Angeles - 3

Center for Research in Security Prices - 3

Duke University - 3

European Union - 3

National Employer Survey - 3

National Research Council - 3

Princeton University - 3

Yale University - 3

Auxiliary Establishment Survey - 3

Alfred P Sloan Foundation - 3

Ohio State University - 3

New York Times - 3

Council of Economic Advisers - 3

Heckscher-Ohlin - 3

Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Industries - 3

Schools Under Registration Review - 3

manufacturing - 166

growth - 111

produce - 108

industrial - 107

econometric - 79

sale - 65

expenditure - 64

sector - 59

market - 58

efficiency - 58

manufacturer - 57

demand - 56

macroeconomic - 53

revenue - 50

productive - 47

investment - 46

productivity growth - 45

estimating - 44

labor - 42

economist - 40

industry productivity - 39

enterprise - 38

company - 37

profit - 37

factory - 36

export - 36

technological - 36

economically - 35

gdp - 34

innovation - 33

plant productivity - 30

productivity measures - 27

estimation - 27

technology - 27

profitability - 27

organizational - 25

productivity plants - 25

product - 25

producing - 23

depreciation - 23

growth productivity - 23

recession - 23

cost - 23

regulation - 23

spillover - 22

monopolistic - 22

consumption - 22

labor productivity - 21

productivity dispersion - 21

factor productivity - 20

regression - 20

merger - 20

plant industry - 19

endogeneity - 19

specialization - 18

firms productivity - 18

earnings - 18

regional - 17

multinational - 17

productivity dynamics - 17

measures productivity - 17

emission - 17

acquisition - 17

productivity estimates - 16

aggregate - 16

exporter - 16

regulatory - 16

environmental - 16

pollution - 16

aggregate productivity - 15

employ - 15

inventory - 15

quantity - 15

import - 14

competitor - 14

epa - 14

estimates productivity - 14

efficient - 14

industry concentration - 13

establishment - 13

employee - 13

dispersion productivity - 13

commodity - 13

agriculture - 13

pollutant - 13

polluting - 13

externality - 12

productivity increases - 12

industry growth - 12

manufacturing plants - 12

productivity differences - 12

productivity firms - 12

rates productivity - 12

exporting - 12

estimates production - 12

pricing - 12

plant - 12

monopolistically - 11

tariff - 11

region - 11

outsourcing - 11

gain - 11

employment growth - 11

industry variation - 11

payroll - 11

productivity analysis - 11

price - 11

analysis productivity - 11

heterogeneity - 11

plants industries - 11

econometrically - 11

outsource - 10

practices productivity - 10

stock - 10

diversification - 10

corporate - 10

regulation productivity - 10

geographically - 10

productivity wage - 10

productivity size - 10

technical - 10

agricultural - 10

textile - 10

endogenous - 9

products industries - 9

employed - 9

industry heterogeneity - 9

area - 9

accounting - 9

management - 9

estimator - 9

fuel - 9

quarterly - 9

spending - 9

consumer - 9

regional economic - 9

manufacturing industries - 9

environmental regulation - 9

productivity impact - 9

competitiveness - 9

workforce - 8

sectoral - 8

subsidiary - 8

productivity shocks - 8

firms plants - 8

wholesale - 8

firms grow - 8

plant employment - 8

supplier - 8

managerial - 8

manager - 8

strategic - 8

wages productivity - 8

exported - 8

pollution abatement - 8

performance - 8

profitable - 8

shipment - 8

observed productivity - 8

development - 7

exogenous - 7

plants firms - 7

commerce - 7

reallocation productivity - 7

regressing - 7

industries estimate - 7

industry output - 7

trend - 7

metropolitan - 7

innovate - 7

utilization - 7

substitute - 7

aggregation - 7

acquired - 7

acquirer - 7

restructuring - 7

ownership - 7

meat - 7

impact - 7

econometrician - 7

capital - 7

corporation - 6

investing - 6

plant investment - 6

statistical - 6

warehouse - 6

sourcing - 6

exogeneity - 6

tech - 6

yield - 6

energy - 6

inflation - 6

patent - 6

expense - 6

investment productivity - 6

mergers acquisitions - 6

technology adoption - 6

good - 6

electricity - 6

regional industry - 6

analysis - 6

refinery - 6

abatement expenditures - 6

regulated - 6

takeover - 6

heterogeneous - 6

computer - 6

country - 5

relocation - 5

location - 5

finance - 5

conglomerate - 5

incorporated - 5

competitive - 5

retailer - 5

geography - 5

industry employment - 5

average - 5

estimates employment - 5

firms export - 5

budget - 5

invention - 5

industrialized - 5

polluting industries - 5

costs pollution - 5

regional industries - 5

agglomeration economies - 5

capital productivity - 5

incentive - 5

buyer - 5

export growth - 5

leverage - 4

invest - 4

globalization - 4

trading - 4

consolidated - 4

retail - 4

regress - 4

elasticity - 4

report - 4

turnover - 4

wages production - 4

oligopolistic - 4

oligopoly - 4

declining - 4

economic growth - 4

entrepreneurship - 4

entrepreneur - 4

innovator - 4

larger firms - 4

farm - 4

prices product - 4

empirical - 4

state - 4

agglomeration - 4

midwest - 4

owner - 4

proprietorship - 4

international trade - 4

advantage - 4

innovating - 3

microdata - 3

salary - 3

labor statistics - 3

importer - 3

worker - 3

share - 3

network - 3

restaurant - 3

innovation productivity - 3

labor markets - 3

entrepreneurial - 3

innovative - 3

foreign - 3

local economic - 3

rate - 3

utility - 3

partnership - 3

data - 3

equilibrium - 3

energy efficiency - 3

environmental expenditures - 3

prospect - 3

bias - 3

subsidy - 3

model - 3

job - 3

retailing - 3

small firms - 3

locality - 3

asset - 3

firm growth - 3

research - 3

measure - 3

Viewing papers 1 through 10 of 240


  • Working Paper

    The Role of R&D Factors in Economic Growth

    November 2024

    Authors: Lorenz Ekerdt

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-69

    This paper studies factor usage in the R&D sector. I show that the usage of non-labor inputs in R&D is significant, and that their usage has grown much more rapidly than the R&D workforce. Using a standard growth decomposition applied to the aggregate idea production function, I estimate that at least 77% of idea growth since the early 1960s can be attributed to the growth of non-labor inputs in R&D. I demonstrate that a similar pattern would hold on the balanced growth path of a standard semi-endogenous growth model, and thus that the decomposition is not simply a by-product of rising research intensity. I then show that combining long-running differences in factor growth rates with non-unitary elasticities of substitution in idea production leads to a slowdown in idea growth whenever labor and capital are complementary. I conclude by estimating this elasticity of substitution and demonstrate that the results favor complimentarities.
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  • Working Paper

    Multinational Production and Innovation in Tandem

    October 2024

    Authors: Jin Liu

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-64

    Multinational firms colocate production and innovation by offshoring them to the same host country or region. In this paper, I examine the determinants of multinational firms' production and innovation locations. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variations in tariffs, I find complementarities between production and innovation within host countries and regions. To evaluate manufacturing reshoring policies, I develop a quantitative multicountry offshoring location choice model. I allow for rich colocation benefits and cross-country interdependencies and prove supermodularity of the model to solve this otherwise NP-hard problem. I find the effects of manufacturing reshoring policies are nonlinear, contingent upon firm heterogeneity, and they accumulate dynamically.
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  • Working Paper

    Entry Costs Rise with Growth

    October 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-63

    Over time and across states in the U.S., the number of firms is more closely tied to overall employment than to output per worker. In many models of firm dynamics, trade, and growth with a free entry condition, these facts imply that the costs of creating a new firm increase sharply with productivity growth. This increase in entry costs can stem from the rising cost of labor used in entry and weak or negative knowledge spillovers from prior entry. Our findings suggest that productivity-enhancing policies will not induce firm entry, thereby limiting the total impact of such policies on welfare.
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  • Working Paper

    Good Dispersion, Bad Dispersion

    March 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-13

    We document that most dispersion in marginal revenue products of inputs occurs across plants within firms rather than between firms. This is commonly thought to reflect misallocation: dispersion is 'bad.' However, we show that eliminating frictions hampering internal capital markets in a multi-plant firm model may in fact increase productivity dispersion and raise output: dispersion can be 'good.' This arises as firms optimally stagger investment activity across their plants over time to avoid raising costly external finance, instead relying on reallocating internal funds. The staggering in turn generates dispersion in marginal revenue products. We use U.S. Census data on multi-plant manufacturing firms to provide empirical evidence for the model mechanism and show a quantitatively important role for good dispersion. Since there is less scope for good dispersion in emerging economies, the difference in the degree of misallocation between emerging and developed economies looks more pronounced than previously thought.
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  • Working Paper

    The Rise of Specialized Firms

    February 2024

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-24-06

    This paper studies firm diversification over 6-digit NAICS industries in U.S. manufacturing. We find that firms specializing in fewer industries now account for a substantially greater share of production than 40 years ago. This reallocation is a key driver of rising industry concentration. Specialized firms have displaced diversified firms among industry leaders'absent this reallocation concentration would have decreased. We then provide evidence that specialized firms produce higher-quality goods: specialized firms tend to charge higher unit prices and are more insulated against Chinese import competition. Based on our empirical findings, we propose a theory in which growth shifts demand toward specialized, high-quality firms, which eventually increases concentration. We conclude that one should expect rising industry concentration in a growing economy.
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  • Working Paper

    Collaborative Micro-productivity Project: Establishment-Level Productivity Dataset, 1972-2020

    December 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-65

    We describe the process for building the Collaborative Micro-productivity Project (CMP) microdata and calculating establishment-level productivity numbers. The documentation is for version 7 and the data cover the years 1972-2020. These data have been used in numerous research papers and are used to create the experimental public-use data product Dispersion Statistics on Productivity (DiSP).
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  • Working Paper

    Productivity Dispersion and Structural Change in Retail Trade

    December 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-60R

    The retail sector has changed from a sector full of small firms to one dominated by large, national firms. We study how this transformation has impacted productivity levels, growth, and dispersion between 1987 and 2017. We describe this transformation using three overlapping phases: expansion (1980s and 1990s), consolidation (2000s), and stagnation (2010s). We document five findings that help us understand these phases. First, productivity growth was high during the consolidation phase but has fallen more recently. Second, entering establishments drove productivity growth during the expansion phase, but continuing establishments have increased in importance more recently. Third, national chains have more productive establishments than single-unit firms on average, but some single-unit establishments are highly productive. Fourth, productivity dispersion is significant and increasing over time. Finally, more productive firms pay higher wages and grow more quickly. Together, these results suggest that the increasing importance of large national retail firms has been an important driver of productivity and wage growth in the retail sector.
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  • Working Paper

    Temperature and Local Industry Concentration

    October 2023

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-51

    We use plant-level data from the US Census of Manufacturers to study the short and long run effects of temperature on manufacturing activity. We document that temperature shocks significantly increase energy costs and lower the productivity of small manufacturing plants, while large plants are mostly unaffected. In US counties that experienced higher increases in average temperatures between the 1980s and the 2010s, these heterogeneous effects have led to higher concentration of manufacturing activity within large plants, and a reallocation of labor from small to large manufacturing establishments. We offer a preliminary discussion of potential mechanisms explaining why large manufacturing firms might be better equipped for long-run adaptation to climate change, including their ability to hedge across locations, easier access to finance, and higher managerial skills.
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  • Working Paper

    The Changing Firm and Country Boundaries of US Manufacturers in Global Value Chains

    July 2023

    Authors: Teresa C. Fort

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-38

    This paper documents how US firms organize goods production across firm and country boundaries. Most US firms that perform physical transformation tasks in-house using foreign manufacturing plants in 2007 also own US manufacturing plants; moreover manufacturing comprises their main domestic activity. By contrast, 'factoryless goods producers' outsource all physical transformation tasks to arm's-length contractors, focusing their in-house efforts on design and marketing. This distinct firm type is missing from standard analyses of manufacturing, growing in importance, and increasingly reliant on foreign suppliers. Physical transformation 'within-the-firm' thus coincides with substantial physical transformation 'within-the-country,' whereas its performance 'outside-the-firm' often also implies 'outside-the-country.' Despite these differences, factoryless goods producers and firms with foreign and domestic manufacturing plants both employ relatively high shares of US knowledge workers. These patterns call for new models and data to capture the potential for foreign production to support domestic innovation, which US firms leverage around the world.
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  • Working Paper

    Industry Linkages from Joint Production

    January 2023

    Authors: Xiang Ding

    Working Paper Number:

    CES-23-02

    I develop a theory of joint production to quantify aggregate economies of scope. In US manufacturing data, increased export demand in one industry raises a firm's sales in its other industries that share knowledge inputs like R&D and software. I estimate that knowledge inputs contribute to economies of scope through their scalability and partial non-rivalry within the firm. On average a 10 percent increase in output in one industry lowers prices in other industries by 0.4 percent. Such economies of scope manifest disproportionately among knowledge proximate industries and imply large spillover impacts of recent US-China trade policy on producer prices.
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