Garage Entrepreneurs or just Self-Employed? An Investigation into Nonemployer Entrepreneurship
October 2024
Working Paper Number:
CES-24-61
Abstract
Nonemployers, businesses without employees, account for most businesses in the U.S. yet are poorly understood. We use restricted administrative and survey data to describe nonemployer dynamics, overall performance, and performance by demographic group. We find that eventual outcome ' migration to employer status, continuing as a nonemployer, or exit ' is closely related to receipt growth. We provide estimates of employment creation by firms that began as nonemployers and become employers (migrants), estimating that relative to all firms born in 1996, nonemployer migrants accounted for 3-17% of all net jobs in the seventh year after startup. Moreover, we find that migrants' employment creation declined by 54% for the cohorts born between 1996 to 2014. Our results are consistent with increased adjustment frictions in recent periods, and suggest accessibility to transformative entrepreneurship for everyday Americans has declined.
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employ,
employed,
entrepreneurial,
venture,
proprietorship,
entrepreneur,
entrepreneurship,
labor,
hispanic,
recession,
employment entrepreneurship,
migrate,
migration,
migrating,
migrant,
nonemployer businesses
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Internal Revenue Service,
Longitudinal Business Database,
Employer Identification Numbers,
General Accounting Office,
National Employer Survey,
Technical Services,
Business Register,
Protected Identification Key,
Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board,
Integrated Longitudinal Business Database,
Survey of Business Owners,
Limited Liability Company,
Disclosure Review Board,
Kauffman Firm Survey,
Business Dynamics Statistics,
Nonemployer Statistics
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