Black Entrepreneurs, Job Creation, and Financial Constraints
May 2021
Working Paper Number:
CES-21-11
Abstract
Black-owned businesses tend to operate with less finance and employ fewer workers than those owned by Whites. Motivated by a simple conceptual framework, we document these facts and show they are causally connected using large firm-level surveys linked to universal employer data from the Census Bureau. We find that the racial financing gap is most pronounced at start-up and tends to narrow with firm age. At any age, Black-owned firms are less likely to receive bank loans, more likely to refrain from applying because they expect denial, and more likely to report that lack of finance reduces their profitability. Yet the observable characteristics of Black entrepreneurs are similar in most respects to Whites, and in some ways - higher education, growth-oriented motivations, and involvement in the business - would seem to imply higher, not lower, demand for finance. Concerning employment, we find that Black-owned firms have on average about 12 percent fewer employees than those owned by Whites, but the difference drops when controlling for firm age and other characteristics. However, when the analysis holds financial variables constant, the results imply that equally well-financed Black-owned rms would be larger than White-owned by about seven percent. Exploiting the credit supply shock of changing assignment to Community Reinvestment Act treatment through a Regression Discontinuity Design in a firm-level panel regression framework, we find that expanded credit access raises employment 5-7 percentage points more at Black-owned businesses than White-owned firms in treated neighborhoods.
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:
entrepreneurial,
financial,
minority,
entrepreneurship,
black,
entrepreneur,
black business,
finance,
financing,
investor,
white,
bank,
lending,
lender,
borrower,
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Small Business Administration,
National Science Foundation,
Metropolitan Statistical Area,
Characteristics of Business Owners,
Federal Reserve Bank,
Longitudinal Business Database,
World Bank,
North American Industry Classification System,
Business Register,
Census Bureau Business Register,
Census Bureau Disclosure Review Board,
Survey of Business Owners,
2020 Census,
Disclosure Review Board,
Kauffman Firm Survey,
Agriculture, Forestry,
George Mason University,
Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs,
Regression Discontinuity Design
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