Reservation Nonemployer and Employer Establishments: Data from U.S. Census Longitudinal Business Databases
December 2018
Working Paper Number:
CES-18-50
Abstract
The presence of businesses on American Indian reservations has been difficult to analyze due to limited data. Akee, Mykerezi, and Todd (AMT; 2017) geocoded confidential data from the U.S. Census Longitudinal Business Database to identify whether employer establishments were located on or off American Indian reservations and then compared federally recognized reservations and nearby county areas with respect to their per capita number of employers and jobs. We use their methods and the U.S. Census Integrated Longitudinal Business Database to develop parallel results for nonemployer establishments and for the combination of employer and nonemployer establishments. Similar to AMT's findings, we find that reservations and nearby county areas have a similar sectoral distribution of nonemployer and nonemployer-plus-employer establishments, but reservations have significantly fewer of them in nearly all sectors, especially when the area population is below 15,000. By contrast to AMT, the average size of reservation nonemployer establishments, as measured by revenue (instead of the jobs measure AMT used for employers), is smaller than the size of nonemployers in nearby county areas, and this is true in most industries as well. The most significant exception is in the retail sector. Geographic and demographic factors, such as population density and per capita income, statistically account for only a small portion of these differences. However, when we assume that nonemployer establishments create the equivalent of one job and use combined employer-plus-nonemployer jobs to measure establishment size, the employer job numbers dominate and we parallel AMT's finding that, due to large job counts in the Arts/Entertainment/Recreation and Public Administration sectors, reservations on average have slightly more jobs per resident than nearby county areas.
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:
data census,
employee,
proprietorship,
entrepreneurship,
sector,
establishment,
agriculture,
rural,
warehousing,
farm,
population,
indian,
geography,
use census,
geographic,
nonemployer businesses
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Service Annual Survey,
Federal Reserve Bank,
Longitudinal Business Database,
Federal Reserve System,
Retail Trade,
Department of Agriculture,
Wholesale Trade,
Geographic Information Systems,
Educational Services,
North American Industry Classification System,
American Community Survey,
Technical Services,
Public Administration,
Integrated Longitudinal Business Database,
Arts, Entertainment,
Accommodation and Food Services,
Agriculture, Forestry,
Health Care and Social Assistance
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