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What's Driving the New Economy? The Benefits of Workplace Innovation

February 2002

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The 10 most similar working papers to the working paper 'What's Driving the New Economy? The Benefits of Workplace Innovation' are listed below in order of similarity.

• Working Paper

  
  
  Retail Inventories, Internal Finance, and Aggregate Fluctuations: Evidence From Firm-Level Panel Data
  

  May 1995

  Authors: Egon Zakrajsek

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-95-09

  This paper investigates the cross-sectional and time-series implications of capital imperfections for inventory investment in retail trade. In particular, it focuses on the relevance of firms' balance sheet positions in obtaining access to external sources of finance. The paper utilizes an entirely new source of firm-level data at a quarterly frequency; the micro data underlying the published Quarterly Financial Reports (QFR). Under the maintained hypothesis, firms with 'weak' balance sheet positions face a higher-and quite possibly prohibitive-premium on external finance than do firms with 'strong' balance sheet positions. Consequently, inventory investment decisions of firms with 'weak' balance sheet positions are in large part determined by the availability of internally generated funds-that is, profits or cash flow. A panel data modification of an error-correction model that incorporates internal finance variables and forward-looking expectations of the stochastic process of sales is not rejected by the data. Both the cross-sectional and time-series results are consistent with the existence of capital market imperfections; namely, (1) internal finance is a highly significant-statistically and economically-predictor of inventory investment of firms with 'weak' balance sheet positions; and (2) the predictive power of internal finance for inventory investment of firms with 'weak' balance sheet positions is highly asymmetric over the course of a business cycle, increasing considerably in recession relative to expansionary times. The quantitative significance of financial factors suggest that a large portion of the observed volatility aggregate retail inventory investment over a business cycle is potentially due to fluctuations in internal finance.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  On The Turnover of Business Firms and Business Managers
  

  April 1994

  Authors: James A Schmitz, Thomas J Holmes

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-92-06

  The success of a business depends in part on whether or not the manager and the business make a good "fit" or "match." Success also depends upon characteristics of the business that are distinct from the manager, for example, the convenience of the business location to customers. Variations across firms in "match quality" and in "business quality" account, in part, for why some businesses survive and others are discontinued. This paper is a first attempt at assessing the relative importance of variation in match quality and variation in business quality in accounting for the turnover dynamics of the U.S. small business sector. An evolutionary model is developed in which a selection process tends to eliminate both "unfit" business as well as "unfit" pairings between businesses and managers. We estimated this model with the Characteristics of Business Owners Survey. Our estimates suggest that variations in match quality play a more significant role than variations in business, or general, quality in accounting for turnover behavior of U.S. of small businesses. We discuss the implications of this finding and demonstrate its importance in the context of an experiment conducted in the estimated model economy.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  The Characteristics of Business Owners Database, 1992
  

  May 1999

  Authors: Brian Headd

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-99-08

  This report describes the Characteristics of Business Owners (CBO), 1992 microdata available to researchers at the Center for Economic Studies and the CBO survey. The Bureau of the Census has conducted the 1982, 1987, and 1992 CBOs for the U.S. Small Business Administration, the Minority Business Development Agency, and the general public. For the 1992 CBO, there were three surveys, a sole proprietor survey, an owner survey for each owner in partnerships and S corporations, and a firm survey for each partnership and S corporation. For database purposes, the owner questions on the sole proprietors survey and owner survey were merged, and the firm questions on the sole proprietors survey and firm survey were merged. The owner database has 116,589 records, and the firm survey has 78,147 records. The CBO reports on owners about their background such as owner type (race, and ethnicity), age, education, work experience, veteran status, etc. The CBO reports on firms (with and without employees) about their economic details such as industry, financing, home-based, exporting, franchising, profits, etc. In addition, the CBO was conducted in 1996 on firms in existence in 1992 allowing for some survivability analysis. The CBO over samples women and minority owners to allow researchers to more reliably study these owners. This survey is an extension of the Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises (SMOBE) and Survey of Women-Owned Businesses (WOB) within the economic census. The CBO is available as a report, special tabulations, or microdata for approved researchers.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  Is the Melting Pot Still Hot? Explaining the Resurgence of Immigrant Segregation
  

  August 2004

  Authors: Edward Glaeser, David Cutler, Jacob Vigdor

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-04-10

  This paper uses decennial Census data to examine trends in immigrant segregation in the United States between 1910 and 2000. Immigrant segregation declined in the first half of the century, but has been rising steadily over the past three decades. Analysis of restricted access 1990 Census microdata suggests that this rise would be even more striking if the native-born children of immigrants could be consistently excluded from the analysis. We analyze panel and cross-sectional variation in immigrant segregation, as well as housing price patterns across metropolitan areas, to test four hypotheses of immigrant segregation. Immigration itself has surged in recent decades, but the tendency for newly arrived immigrants to be younger and of lower socioeconomic status explains very little of the recent rise in immigrant segregation. We also find no evidence of increased nativism in the housing market. Evidence instead points to changes in urban form, particularly the tendency for ethnic enclaves to form as suburbanizing households leave older neighborhoods, as a central explanation for the new immigrant segregation.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  Computing Person and Firm Effects Using Linked Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data
  

  March 2002

  Authors: John M. Abowd, Robert H. Creecy, Francis Kramarz

  Working Paper Number:

  tp-2002-06

  In this paper we provide the exact formulas for the direct least squares estimation of statistical models that include both person and firm effects. We also provide an algorithm for determining the estimable functions of the person and firm effects (the identifiable effects). The computational techniques are also directly applicable to any linear two-factor analysis of covariance with two high-dimension non-orthogonal factors. We show that the application of the exact solution does not change the substantive conclusions about the relative importance of person and firm effects in the explanation of log real compensation; however, the correlation between person and firm effects is negative, not weakly positive, in the exact solution. We also provide guidance for using the methods developed in earlier work to obtain an accurate approximation.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  WHITE-LATINO RESIDENTIAL ATTAINMENTS AND SEGREGATION IN SIX CITIES: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF MICRO-LEVEL FACTORS
  

  January 2016

  Authors: Amber Fox Crowell, Mark Fossett

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-16-51

  This study examines the residential outcomes of Latinos in major metropolitan areas using new methods to connect micro-level analyses of residential attainments to overall patterns of segregation in the metropolitan area. Drawing on new formulations of standard measures of evenness, we conduct micro-level multivariate analyses using the restricted-use census microdata files to predict segregation-relevant neighborhood outcomes for individuals by race. We term the dependent variables segregation-relevant neighborhood outcomes because the differences in average outcomes for each group on these variables determine the values of the aggregate measures of evenness. This approach allows me to use standardization and components analysis to quantitatively assess the separate contributions that differences in social characteristics and differences in rates of return make towards determining the overall disparity in residential outcomes ' that is, the level of segregation ' between Whites and Latinos. Based on our micro-level residential attainment analyses we find that for Latinos, acculturation and gains in socioeconomic status are associated with greater residential contact with Whites, in agreement with spatial assimilation theory, which promotes lower segregation. However, our standardization and components analyses reveals that a substantial portion of White-Latino disparities in residential contact with Whites can be attributed to differences in rates of return; that is White-Latino differences in the ability to translate acculturation and gains in socioeconomic status into more residential contact with Whites. This is further elaborated upon by assessing the changes in contact with Whites for Whites and Latinos after manipulating single variables while holding all others constant. This can be interpreted as the role of discrimination which is emphasized by place stratification theory. Therefore we conclude that while members of minority groups make gains in residential outcomes that reduce segregation by attaining parity with Whites on social characteristics as spatial assimilation theory would predict, a substantial disparity will persist as Latinos cannot translate those gains into greater contact with Whites at the rate that Whites can. At the aggregate level of analysis, this means that White-Latino segregation remains substantial even when groups are equalized on social and economic characteristics.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  Estimating the Impact of Low-Income Universal Service Programs
  

  June 2013

  Authors: Daniel A. Ackerberg, David R. DeRemer, Michael H. Riordan, Gregory L. Rosston, Bradley S. Wimmer

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-13-33

  This policy study uses U.S. Census microdata to evaluate how subsidies for universal telephone service vary in their impact across low-income racial groups, gender, age, and home ownership. Our demand specification includes both the subsidized monthly price (Lifeline program) and the subsidized initial connection price (Linkup program) for local telephone service. Our quasimaximum likelihood estimation controls for location differences and instruments for price endogeneity. The microdata allow us to estimate the effects of demographics on both elasticities of telephone penetration and the level of telephone penetration. Based on our preferred estimates, the subsidy programs increased aggregate penetration by 6.1% for low-income households. Our results suggest that Linkup is more cost-effective than Lifeline and that auto-enroll policies are important, which calls into question a recent FCC (2012) decision to reduce Linkup subsidies in favor of Lifeline. Our study can inform the evaluation of similar universal service policies for Internet access.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  Beyond the Incidence of Training: Evidence from a National Employers Survey
  

  February 2002

  Authors: Sandra E Black, Lisa M Lynch

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-02-05

  This paper seeks to provide new insight into how school and post school training investments are linked to employer workplace practices and outcomes using a unique nationally representative survey of establishments in the U.S., the Educational Quality of the Workforce National Employers Survey (EQW-NES). We go beyond simply measuring the incidence of formal or informal training to examine the determinants of the types employers invest in, the relationship between formal school and employer provided training, who is receiving training, the links between investments in physical and human capital, and the impact that human capital investments have on the productivity of establishments. We find that the smallest employers are much less likely to provide formal training programs than employers from larger establishments. Regardless of size, those employers who have adapted some of the practices associated with what have been called "high performance work systems" are more likely to have formal training programs. Employers who have made large investments in physical capital or who have hired workers with higher average education are also more likely to invest in formal training programs and to train a higher proportion of their workers, especially in the manufacturing sector. There are significant and positive effects on establishment productivity associated with investments in human capital. Those employers who hire better educated workers have appreciably higher productivity. The impact of employer provided training differs according to the nature, timing, and location of the employer investments.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  IMMIGRANT ENTREPRENEURS AND INNOVATION IN THE U.S. HIGH-TECH SECTOR
  

  February 2019

  Authors: J. David Brown, John S. Earle, Mee Jung Kim, Kyung Min Lee

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-19-06

  We estimate differences in innovation behavior between foreign versus U.S.-born entrepreneurs in high-tech industries. Our data come from the Annual Survey of Entrepreneurs, a random sample of firms with detailed information on owner characteristics and innovation activities. We find uniformly higher rates of innovation in immigrant-owned firms for 15 of 16 different innovation measures; the only exception is for copyright/trademark. The immigrant advantage holds for older firms as well as for recent start-ups and for every level of the entrepreneur's education. The size of the estimated immigrant-native differences in product and process innovation activities rises with detailed controls for demographic and human capital characteristics but falls for R&D and patenting. Controlling for finance, motivations, and industry reduces all coefficients, but for most measures and specifications immigrants are estimated to have a sizable advantage in innovation.
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• Working Paper

  
  
  Who Moves to Mixed-Income Neighborhoods?
  

  August 2010

  Authors: T. Kirk White, Terra McKinnish

  Working Paper Number:

  CES-10-18

  This paper uses confidential Census data, specifically the 1990 and 2000 Census Long Form data, to study the income dispersion of recent cohorts of migrants to mixed-income neighborhoods. If recent in-migrants to mixed-income neighborhoods exhibit high levels of income heterogeneity, this is consistent with stable mixed-income neighborhoods. If, however, mixed-income neighborhoods are comprised of older homogeneous lower-income (higher income) cohorts combined with newer homogeneous higher-income (lower-income) cohorts, this is consistent with neighborhood transition. Our results indicate that neighborhoods with high levels of income dispersion do in fact attract a much more heterogeneous set of in-migrants, particularly from the tails of the income distribution, but that income heterogeneity does tend to erode over time. Our results also suggest that the residents of mixed-income neighborhoods may be less heterogeneous with respect to lifetime income.
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